Radioactive tshuaj yog cov khoom lwj ntawm qee yam tshuaj lom neeg. Lawv tsis tsuas yog muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg lub cev, tab sis kuj tso lawv cov cim rau ntawm qhov chaw rau ntau xyoo. Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm cov hluav taws xob tawg yog qhov tawg ntawm lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear hauv Chernobyl. Txawm hais tias nyob deb ntawm qhov xwm txheej, ib puag ncig ib puag ncig lub nroog no tseem raug kev txom nyem. Vim yog kis tau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov menyuam yaus yug los nrog kev loj hlob tsis zoo, ntau tus neeg kis tus kab mob hluav taws xob. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tshwm sim txaus ntshai, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom tshem tawm cov kab mob. Nws tuaj yeem tsim nyob rau hauv txhua qhov chaw (hauv huab cua, hauv dej), ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom, ntawm tib neeg lub cev, thiab lwm yam.
Kev tsis ua haujlwm - yog dab tsi?
Los ntawm lo lus Latin, lo lus txhais ua "tsis ua haujlwm." Thiab tseem, nws tseem tsis meej rau ntau, decontamination yog dab tsi. Lub sij hawm siv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw, txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ncaj qha ntsig txog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Yog li lo lus no txhais li cas? Decontamination yog tus txheej txheem ntawm tshem tawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm ib yam dab tsi. Cov khoom tsis zoo tuaj yeem nyob txhua qhov chaw. Feem ntau lawvpoob rau saum npoo ntawm dej, ntoo, tsev, ntawm daim tawv nqaij, thiab lwm yam. Qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm tsub zuj zuj ntawm hluav taws xob yog huab cua, los ntawm cov molecules yog pauv mus rau txhua yam. Raws li qhov no, decontamination yog kev tua kab mob ntawm ib puag ncig. Ntxiv nrog rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv, xws li mercury, kuj tseem tuaj yeem raug cais raws li cov pa phem.
Txoj Kev Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob
Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los ua cov txheej txheem tshuaj tua kab mob.
Thawj txoj kev suav nrog kev tshem tawm cov khoom tsis zoo. Nws yog qhov yooj yim dua thiab pheej yig dua. Mechanical decontamination yog ua los ntawm kev siv improvised, feem ntau nyob hauv tsev. Ua tsaug rau txoj kev no, nws muaj peev xwm tshem tawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev, phab ntsa, qhov rais, pem teb, tsheb, thiab lwm yam. Txawm hais tias txoj kev no siv ntau zaus, nws tsis yog ib txwm muaj kev nyab xeeb siv. Mechanical decontamination yuav tsum tau ua nrog ceev faj heev, thaum siv sijhawm tsawg li tsawg tau. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb hais tias ib tug neeg los rau hauv kev sib cuag ncaj qha nrog cov tshuaj phem uas txaus ntshai tsis yog thaum lawv nkag mus rau hauv daim tawv nqaij, tab sis txawm nyob rau hauv cov huab cua uas muaj puv nrog lawv.
Txoj kev thib ob yog physico-chemical decontamination. Nws yog nqa tawm tib yam li hauv thawj rooj plaub, tab sis muaj qhov sib txawv me ntsis. Thaum nws siv, cov kev daws teeb meem tshwj xeeb yog siv los tshem tawm cov khoom tsis zoo sai dua thiab zoo dua.
Yuav tsum tau ua dab tsi rau kev tshem tawm?
Yuav kom tua cov kab mob ntawm ib puag ncig, koj xav tau cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb. Decontamination agents raug xaiv nyob ntawm nws hom. Nrog rau txoj kev siv tshuab, cov khoom tsim nyog rau kev tu lub tsev yog siv los tshem tawm cov khoom tsis zoo. Koj tuaj yeem ntxuav lub ntsej muag ntawm cov rooj tog zaum, cov plag tsev thiab cov phab ntsa nrog lub tshuab nqus tsev, rags, ib tug broom, ntau yam txhuam thiab daim txhuam cev. Cov dej ntws yog siv los tshem tawm cov teeb meem ntawm cov khaub ncaws. Thaum nqa tawm lub cev thiab tshuaj tua kab mob, cov hmoov nplej, ntsev, oxalic lossis sulfuric acid, ci dej qab zib, hydrogen peroxide, thiab lwm yam tshuaj tua kab mob yog siv. Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias, txawm tias muaj teeb meem dab tsi tau nkag mus rau hauv ib puag ncig, nws yuav tsum tau decontaminated hauv cov khaub ncaws tshwj xeeb. Ntawm txhais tes yuav tsum muaj cov hnab looj tes roj hmab muaj zog, ntawm lub ntsej muag - lub npog ntsej muag roj lossis lub tshuab ua pa. Nyob rau hauv qhov tsis muaj qhov no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum hnav cov ntaub qhwv ntsej muag uas muaj ob peb txheej. Tshaj cov khaub ncaws koj yuav tsum pov ib qho tshwj xeeb jumpsuit lossis robe. Cov khau looj plab hlaub kuj tuaj yeem ua ke.
Dab tsi yog xov tooj cua decontamination?
Cov khoom phem tshaj plaws yog cov khoom lwj ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg. Lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub cev vim tias lawv muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Cov tshuaj no muaj peev xwm muaj nyob rau hauv cov huab cua tau ntau xyoo, thaum lawv cov kev puas tsuaj tshwm sim. Lub sijhawm thiab zoo tshaj plaws decontamination ntawm hluav taws xob yog tsim nyog kom tsis txhob muaj kab mob. Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kom ua tiav kev tu kom huv hauv ib qho luv luvLub sijhawm kawg yuav ua tsis tiav, yog li ntawd, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho, nws yuav tsum tau khiav tawm cov neeg uas nyob rau hauv qhov chaw txaus ntshai. Thaum ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm ib puag ncig yog irradiated, ib pab neeg tshwj xeeb raug xa mus rau thaj chaw muaj kev cuam tshuam los ua kom tshem tawm cov kab mob. Nws yog ib qho ua tau los ntxuav cov khoom uas tau kis los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv txhua txoj kev, tab sis txhawm rau txhim kho qhov zoo, nws raug nquahu kom siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab lub cev. Txhawm rau tshem lawv tawm ntawm huab cua, qhov cua los ntawm qhov rais, qhov rooj, qhov cua, kev teeb tsa cov lim dej tshwj xeeb yog xav tau.
tshuaj tua kab mob
Ntaus ntawm cov neeg ua phem rau ntawm cov kua dej tuaj yeem tshwm sim thawj zaug lossis theem nrab. Yog tias cov dej tau pib kis kab mob, ces qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv nws tsis sib npaug, yog li nws yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab lawv qib hauv ntau qhov chaw. Qhov thib ob nkag mus rau cov teeb meem tshwm sim los ntawm huab cua, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov teeb meem tshuaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov nto. Dej decontamination yog ua los ntawm sedimentation, distillation, pom thiab coagulation. Thawj txoj kev yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws, tab sis tso cai rau koj tshem tawm tsuas yog cov tshuaj insoluble. Thaum coagulating nrog av nplaum, phosphates los yog dej qab zib tshauv, tom qab kev daws teeb meem yuav ua tau ntau dua. Kev lim dej tseem ceeb tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev lim dej nrog xuab zeb, gravel lossis av. Txoj kev zoo tshaj plaws yog distillation, uas yog ua los ntawm ion pauv resin. Txoj kev no tso cai rau koj kom huv huv cov dej los ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo.
Kev tsis sib haum xeebmercury
Ntau yam tshuaj muaj teeb meem. Mercury yog ib qho ntawm cov kab mob sib kis, vim nws muaj nyob hauv yuav luag txhua lub tsev. Nws yog siv rau hauv cov khoom siv kho mob xws li tus pas ntsuas kub lossis ntsuas ntshav siab (tam sim no tsis tshua muaj). Yog hais tias ib yam khoom uas muaj mercury tawg, cov khoom tsis zoo yuav tsum tau sau thiab tshem tawm tam sim ntawd. Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cheb los yog ntxuav nws nrog ib daim ntaub yog txwv tsis pub, raws li nws yuav raug crushed rau hauv me me pob. Decontamination ntawm mercury yuav tsum tau sau nrog ib tug txhuam rau ntawm daim ntawv dawb, thiab ces muab tso rau hauv ib lub thawv airtight. Qhov saum npoo ntawm cov khoom yog, yuav tsum tau ntxuav nrog kev daws ntawm poov tshuaj permanganate thiab hydrochloric acid. Tom qab ntawd, chav tsev yog ventilated. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj los hu rau cov kws tshaj lij decontamination.
Yuav ua li cas tshem tawm cov teeb meem ntawm daim tawv nqaij?
Txhua tus yuav tsum muaj lub tswv yim ntawm qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm daim tawv nqaij yog dab tsi thiab yuav ua li cas nqa tawm. Yog tias cov tshuaj lom nkag mus rau hauv qhov chaw qhib (tes, ntsej muag), tshuaj tua kab mob yuav tsum tau ua tsis pub dhau 6 teev tom qab. Rau qhov no, khiav dej hauv qhov siab, xab npum, ib daim ntaub tawv tawv los yog txhuam siv. Tsis txhob siv cov tshuaj cawv, vim lawv tsuas ua rau qhov xwm txheej hnyav dua. Cov plaub hau thiab mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub qhov ncauj yuav tsum tau rinsed nrog ib tug daws ntawm citric acid. Yaug qhov muag ntawm kaum sab hauv mus rau sab nraud.
Dab tsi yog qhov phom sij ntawm kev sib kis tsis raws sijhawm?
Thaum ua phemtshuaj nyob rau hauv tej yam khoom ntawm ib puag ncig, lawv yuav tsum tau urgently disinfected. Qhov tsis tuaj los yog ncua ntawm kev tsis ua haujlwm ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau lub cev. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua rau muaj qhov xwm txheej xws li hluav taws xob muaj mob, kev kho kom tiav uas tseem ua tsis tau. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj phem tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov xeeb ntxwv. evaporation ntawm mercury kuj yog tshuaj lom rau lub cev, nws ua rau kev puas tsuaj rau tag nrho cov kabmob thiab lub cev. Rau cov laj thawj no, kev tshem tawm raws sijhawm yog qhov tseem ceeb.
