Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias txoj kev kawm ntawm ultrasonic nthwv dej tau pib ntau tshaj li ib puas xyoo dhau los, tsuas yog ib nrab xyoo dhau los lawv tau siv dav hauv ntau yam kev ua haujlwm ntawm tib neeg. Qhov no yog vim muaj kev loj hlob ntawm ob qho tib si quantum thiab nonlinear seem ntawm acoustics, thiab quantum electronics thiab solid state physics. Niaj hnub no, ultrasound tsis yog tsuas yog ib qho kev xaiv ntawm lub high-frequency cheeb tsam ntawm acoustic nthwv dej, tab sis ib tug tag nrho cov kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv niaj hnub physics thiab biology, uas yog txuam nrog industrial, ntaub ntawv thiab ntsuas technologies, raws li zoo raws li kev kuaj mob, phais thiab kho txoj kev. niaj hnub tshuaj.
Qhov no yog dab tsi?
Txhua lub suab nthwv dej tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov suab nrov rau tib neeg - cov no yog zaus ntawm 16 txog 18 txhiab Hz, thiab cov uas nyob sab nraud ntawm tib neeg kev nkag siab - infrared thiab ultrasound. Infrasound yog to taub raws li nthwv dej zoo ib yam li suab, tab sis nrog frequencies qis dua qhov pom los ntawm tib neeg pob ntseg. Qhov kev txwv sab saud ntawm thaj tsam infrasonic yog 16 Hz, thiab qis qis yog 0.001 Hz.
Ultrasound- Cov no kuj yog suab nthwv dej, tab sis tsuas yog lawv qhov zaus siab dua li tib neeg lub mloog pob ntseg tuaj yeem pom. Raws li txoj cai, lawv txhais tau tias zaus ntawm 20 txog 106 kHz. Lawv lub siab txwv nyob ntawm qhov nruab nrab uas cov nthwv dej no nthuav tawm. Yog li, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab gaseous, qhov txwv yog 106 kHz, thiab nyob rau hauv cov khib nyiab thiab kua nws mus txog 1010 kHz. Muaj ultrasonic Cheebtsam nyob rau hauv lub suab nrov los nag, cua los yog dej tsaws tsag, xob laim tawm thiab rustling ntawm pebbles dov los ntawm hiav txwv yoj. Nws yog ua tsaug rau qhov muaj peev xwm pom thiab txheeb xyuas cov nthwv dej ultrasonic uas whales thiab ntses taub ntswg ntev, puav thiab kab nocturnal taw qhia lawv tus kheej hauv qhov chaw.
keeb kwm me ntsis
Cov kev tshawb fawb thawj zaug ntawm ultrasound (US) tau ua thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Fab Kis F. Savart, uas tau nrhiav kom paub qhov kev txwv siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev hnov lus ntawm tib neeg lub pob ntseg. Nyob rau yav tom ntej, cov kws tshawb fawb paub zoo xws li German V. Vin, Englishman F. G alton, Lavxias P. Lebedev thiab ib pab tub ntxhais kawm tau koom nrog kev kawm ntawm ultrasonic nthwv dej.
Xyoo 1916, Fabkis tus kws tshawb fawb P. Langevin, koom tes nrog tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias émigré Konstantin Shilovsky, tuaj yeem siv quartz kom tau txais thiab tso tawm ultrasound rau kev ntsuas dej hiav txwv thiab tshawb pom cov khoom hauv qab dej, uas tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb los tsim thawj zaug. sonar, muaj xws li transmitter thiab receiver ntawm ultrasound.
Xyoo 1925, Asmeskas W. Pierce tau tsim ib lub cuab yeej, niaj hnub no hu ua Pierce interferometer, uas ntsuas qhov nrawm thiab nqus tau zoo.ultrasound nyob rau hauv cov kua thiab gas media. Xyoo 1928, tus kws tshawb fawb Soviet S. Sokolov yog thawj zaug siv ultrasonic nthwv dej txhawm rau txheeb xyuas ntau yam tsis xws luag hauv cov khib nyiab, suav nrog cov hlau.
Hauv kev ua tsov rog tom qab 50-60s, raws li kev tsim kho theoretical ntawm pab pawg kws tshawb fawb Soviet coj los ntawm LD Rozenberg, ultrasound tau pib siv dav hauv ntau yam kev lag luam thiab thev naus laus zis. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ua tsaug rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Askiv thiab Asmeskas, nrog rau kev tshawb fawb ntawm Soviet cov kws tshawb fawb xws li R. V. Khokhlova, V. A. Krasilnikov thiab ntau lwm tus, xws li kev qhuab qhia kev tshawb fawb raws li cov suab paj nruag uas tsis yog kab sib txuas tau sai heev.
Ib puag ncig tib lub sijhawm, thawj Asmeskas tau sim siv ultrasound hauv tshuaj.
Soviet tus kws tshawb fawb Sokolov thaum kawg ntawm lub forties ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem tau tsim ib qho kev piav qhia ntawm cov cuab yeej tsim los pom cov khoom opaque - "ultrasonic" microscope. Raws li cov haujlwm no, nyob rau nruab nrab-70s, cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm Stanford University tau tsim cov qauv qauv ntawm lub tshuab ntsuas acoustic.
Ntse
Muaj qhov xwm txheej, nthwv dej ntawm cov suab nrov, nrog rau cov nthwv dej ultrasonic, ua raws li cov cai ntawm lub cev. Tab sis ultrasound muaj ntau tus yam ntxwv uas tso cai rau nws siv dav hauv ntau yam kev tshawb fawb, tshuaj thiab thev naus laus zis:
1. Me me wavelength. Rau qhov qis tshaj ultrasonic ntau, nws tsis pub tshaj ob peb centimeters, ua rau lub teeb pom kev zoo ntawm lub teeb liab propagation. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub nthwv dejtsom thiab nthuav tawm los ntawm kab kab kab.
2. Lub sijhawm oscillation tsis tseem ceeb, vim tias ultrasound tuaj yeem tawm hauv pulses.
3. Nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw, ultrasonic vibrations nrog lub wavelength tsis tshaj 10 hli muaj cov khoom zoo ib yam li lub teeb rays, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom pom kev vibrations, daim ntawv qhia hluav taws xob, uas yog, tsis tsuas yog xa lub zog mus rau txoj cai, tab sis kuj mloog zoo rau hauv lub xav tau ntim.
4. Nrog rau qhov me me amplitude, nws muaj peev xwm kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev co lub zog, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau lub zog siab ultrasonic teb thiab kab teeb tsis siv cov khoom loj.
5. Raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm ultrasound ntawm ib puag ncig, muaj ntau yam tshwj xeeb ntawm lub cev, lom neeg, tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev kho mob, xws li:
- dispersion;
- cavitation;
- degassing;
- cua sov hauv zos;
- tshuaj tua kab mob thiab lwm yam. Lwm yam
Views
Txhua zaus ultrasonic tau muab faib ua peb hom:
- ULF - qis, nrog ntau yam ntawm 20 txog 100 kHz;
- MF - nruab nrab ntawm - ntawm 0.1 txog 10 MHz;
- UZVCh - high-frequency - ntawm 10 txog 1000 MHz.
Hnub no, kev siv cov khoom siv ultrasound feem ntau yog siv cov nthwv dej qis rau kev ntsuas, tswj thiab kawm cov qauv sab hauv ntawm ntau yam khoom thiab cov khoom. High-frequency yog siv los nquag cuam tshuam ntau yam tshuaj, uas tso cai rau koj hloov lawv cov khoomthiab qauv. Kev kuaj mob thiab kev kho mob ntawm ntau yam kab mob nrog ultrasound (siv ntau zaus) yog ib qho kev sib cais thiab nquag tsim cov tshuaj niaj hnub.
Nws thov nyob qhov twg?
Nyob rau xyoo tsis ntev los no, tsis yog tsuas yog cov kws tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tau txaus siab rau ultrasound, tab sis kuj yog cov kws kho mob uas tau nthuav qhia nws mus rau ntau hom kev ua haujlwm ntawm tib neeg. Niaj hnub no ultrasonic units yog siv rau:
| Tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov khoom thiab cov ntaub ntawv | Events | Frequency in kHz | ||
| ntawm | rau | |||
| Tshawb nrhiav ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj | khoom cev | 10 | 106 | |
| liquids | 103 | 105 | ||
| gases | 10 | 103 | ||
| Control qhov ntau thiab qib | 10 | 103 | ||
| Sonar | 1 | 100 | ||
| Defectoscopy | 100 | 105 | ||
| Tshuaj kho mob | 103 | 105 | ||
|
Impacts on tshuaj |
10 | 100 | ||
| vuam | 10 | 100 | ||
| YPlastic deformation | 10 | 100 | ||
| Machining | 10 | 100 | ||
| YEmulsification | 10 | 104 | ||
| Crystalization | 10 | 100 | ||
| Spray | 10-100 | 103-104 | ||
| Aerosol coagulation | 1 | 100 | ||
| Dispersion | 10 | 100 | ||
| Kev ntxuav tes | 10 | 100 | ||
| Tshuaj Txheej Txheem | 10 | 100 | ||
| Influence ntawm combustion | 1 | 100 | ||
| Surgery | 10 to 100 | 103 to 104 | ||
| Kev kho mob | 103 | 104 | ||
| Signal processing and management | Acoustoelectronic transducers | 103 | 107 | |
| lim | 10 | 105 | ||
| Txoj kab | 103 | 107 | ||
| Acousto-optic devices | 100 | 105 | ||
Nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb no, ultrasound yog ib qho tseem ceeb technologies hauv kev lag luam xws li:
- metallurgical;
- tshuaj;
- ua liaj teb;
- food;
- pharmacological;
- machine thiab instrument-making;
- petrochemical, refining thiab lwm yam.
Tsis tas li ntawd, ultrasound tau nce siv hauv tshuaj. Nov yog qhov peb yuav tham hauv nqe lus tom ntej.
siv tshuaj kho mob
Hauv cov tshuaj siv niaj hnub no, muaj peb qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv ultrasound ntawm ntau zaus:
1. Diagnostic.
2. Kev kho mob.
3. Kev phais.
Cia peb mus saib txhua qhov ntawm peb thaj chaw no.
Diagnosis
Ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem niaj hnub thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev kuaj mob yog ultrasound. Nws qhov txiaj ntsig uas tsis tau xav txog yog: cuam tshuam tsawg kawg rau tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov ntaub ntawv siab.
Raws li twb tau hais lawm, ultrasound yog suab nthwv dej,propagating nyob rau hauv ib tug homogeneous nruab nrab nyob rau hauv ib tug ncaj kab thiab ntawm ib tug ceev ceev. Yog hais tias muaj cov cheeb tsam nrog txawv acoustic ntom ntawm lawv txoj kev, ib feem ntawm cov oscillations yog reflected, thiab lwm qhov yog refracted, thaum txuas ntxiv nws rectilinear zog. Yog li, qhov sib txawv ntau dua nyob rau hauv qhov ceev ntawm ciam teb xov xwm, qhov ntau ultrasonic vibrations yog reflected. Cov txheej txheem niaj hnub ntawm kev kuaj ultrasound tuaj yeem muab faib ua qhov chaw thiab txhais tau.
Ultrasonic qhov chaw
Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev tshawb no, pulses tshwm sim los ntawm ciam teb ntawm cov xov xwm nrog sib txawv acoustic ntom yog kaw. Nrog kev pab los ntawm ib lub sensor txav tau, koj tuaj yeem teeb qhov loj, qhov chaw thiab cov duab ntawm cov khoom hauv kev kawm.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws
Txoj kev no yog raws li qhov tseeb tias cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm tib neeg lub cev nqus tau ultrasound sib txawv. Thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev kawm ntawm ib yam khoom nruab nrog cev, ib tug nthwv dej nrog ib tug tej yam kev siv yog coj mus rau hauv nws, tom qab uas lub teeb liab kis tau tus mob yog kaw los ntawm lub rov qab sab nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb sensor. Daim duab ntawm cov khoom scanned yog rov tsim dua raws li qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub teeb liab siv ntawm "input" thiab "output". Cov ntaub ntawv tau txais yog ua tiav thiab hloov dua siab tshiab los ntawm lub khoos phis tawj hauv daim ntawv echogram (kov) lossis sonogram - ib daim duab ob sab.
Doppler method
Qhov no yog txoj kev mob siab tshaj plaws hauv kev kuaj mob, uas siv ob qho tib si pulsed thiab tas li ultrasound. Dopplerography yog dav siv hauv obstetrics, cardiology thiab oncology, raws li nws tso caitaug qab txawm tias qhov hloov pauv me tshaj plaws hauv capillaries thiab cov hlab ntsha me.
Field of application of diagnostics
Hnub no, kev kuaj xyuas ultrasound thiab ntsuas txoj hauv kev tau siv dav hauv kev kho mob xws li:
- obstetrics;
- ophthalmology;
- kab mob plawv;
- neurology ntawm cov menyuam mos thiab menyuam mos;
- kuaj mob hauv nruab nrog cev:
- raum ultrasound;
- lub siab;
- gallbladder thiab ducts;
- poj niam yug menyuam;
kuaj mob ntawm lub cev sab nraud thiab sab nraud (thyroid thiab mammary glands)
Siv hauv kev kho mob
Qhov kev kho mob tseem ceeb ntawm ultrasound yog vim nws muaj peev xwm nkag mus rau tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg, sov so thiab sov so, thiab ua micromassage ntawm ib tus neeg. Ultrasound tuaj yeem siv rau ob qho tib si ncaj qha thiab tsis ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau kev tsom mus rau qhov mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, cov nthwv dej no muaj bactericidal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic thiab antispasmodic nyhuv. Ultrasound siv los kho lub hom phiaj yog conditionally muab faib ua siab thiab qis siv vibrations.
Nws yog qhov tsis tshua muaj zog uas siv dav tshaj plaws los txhawb lub cev lus teb lossis me ntsis, tsis muaj cua sov. Kev kho mob ultrasound tau pom cov txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov kab mob xws li:
- mob caj dab;
- mob caj dab;
- myalgia;
- spondylitis;
- neuralgia;
- varicose thiab trophic ulcers;
- Ankylosing spondylitis;
- obliterating endarteritis.
Kev tshawb fawb tab tom pib siv ultrasound los kho Meniere tus kab mob, emphysema, duodenal thiab gastric ulcers, hawb pob, otosclerosis.
YUltrasonic Surgery
Kev phais niaj hnub siv ultrasound nthwv dej tau muab faib ua ob thaj chaw:
- xaiv rhuav tshem cov ntaub so ntswg nrog tshwj xeeb tswj siab siv ultrasonic tsis muaj zaus los ntawm 10 6 txog 10 7 Hz;
- siv cov cuab yeej phais nrog superimposed ultrasonic vibrations ntawm 20 txog 75 kHz.
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev xaiv ultrasound phais yog qhov crushing ntawm pob zeb los ntawm ultrasound nyob rau hauv lub raum. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm xws li ib tug tsis-invasive ua hauj lwm, ib tug ultrasonic yoj ua rau lub pob zeb los ntawm daim tawv nqaij, uas yog, sab nraum tib neeg lub cev.
Hmoov tsis zoo, txoj kev phais no muaj ntau qhov txwv. Tsis txhob siv ultrasonic crushing hauv qab no:
- poj niam cev xeeb tub txhua lub sijhawm;
- yog txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub pob zeb ntau dua ob centimeters;
- rau cov kab mob sib kis;
- nyob rau hauv muaj cov kab mob uas cuam tshuam cov ntshav txhaws;
- yog mob pob txha loj.
Txawm hais tias qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm lub raum pob zeb los ntawm ultrasound ua tsis tau haujlwmincisions, nws mob heev thiab ua raws li kev siv tshuaj loog hauv zos.
Kev phais ultrasonic yog siv tsis tau tsuas yog rau kev phais mob tsawg ntawm cov pob txha thiab cov ntaub so ntswg, tab sis kuj txo qis ntshav.
Cia peb tig saib mus rau kev kho hniav. Ultrasound tshem tawm cov pob zeb hniav tsis tshua mob, thiab tag nrho lwm cov kws kho mob cov kev kho mob yooj yim dua rau dais. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev raug mob thiab orthopedic xyaum, ultrasound yog siv los kho cov kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov pob txha tawg. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm zoo li no, qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov pob txha tawg tau ntim nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas muaj cov pob txha pob txha thiab cov kua yas tshwj xeeb, thiab tom qab ntawd nws raug rau ultrasound, vim tias tag nrho cov khoom sib txuas ruaj khov. Cov neeg uas tau txais kev phais mob thaum lub sij hawm siv ultrasound tawm kev tshuaj xyuas sib txawv - ob qho tib si zoo thiab tsis zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias tseem muaj cov neeg mob txaus siab dua!
