Cov thyroid caj pas nyob hauv caj dab. Qhov no yog ib qho khoom nruab nrog uas ua ke thiab khaws cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo uas tswj tag nrho cov txheej txheem metabolic thiab lub zog hauv lub cev. Kev ua txhaum ntawm nws qhov kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tus neeg. Lub synthesis ntawm cov tshuaj hormonal pib ntev ua ntej yug menyuam. Ua ntej tus me nyuam, lawv cov concentration ntau dua li cov neeg laus. Tam sim ntawd tom qab yug me nyuam, cov tshuaj hormones poob qis.
Cov thyroid caj pas: dab tsi cov tshuaj hormones nws synthesize?
Cov tshuaj hormones tsim los ntawm lub caj pas tau muab faib ua ob chav kawm - calcitonin thiab iodothyronines. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tom kawg suav nrog iodine, peb ntawm nws cov molecules muaj nyob rau hauv triiodothyronine thiab plaub hauv thyroxine. Yog li, lub npe luv ntawm cov tshuaj hormones T3 thiab T4. Lawv tsim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg follicular. Tus qub yog ob peb zaug ntau dua li yav tas los. Iodine deficiency cuam tshuam lawv cov synthesis, vim li ntawd, lub cev tau txais tsawg dua ntawm cov microelement, vim li ntawd, cov txheej txheem ntawm lub zog metabolism hauv lub cev poob. Ua ntej nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, cov tshuaj hormones khi rau kev thauj mus loscov proteins.
Hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm tes, thyroxine hloov mus ua triiodothyronine. Cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv lub cev yog ua los ntawm cov khoom tom kawg. Kev tso tawm ntawm cov thyroid hormones yog nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm lwm cov kab mob endocrine. Lub hypothalamus, tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov concentration ntawm cov thyroid hormones, emits tshwj xeeb tshuaj uas cuam tshuam rau lub caj pas pituitary, uas yog synthesizes thyroid-stimulating hormone uas ua rau cov thyroid caj pas. Txhawb lossis inhibit qhov kev tso tawm ntawm cov cim tom kawg los ntawm hypothalamus.
Piv txwv li, ib qho kev ntxhov siab provokes ib qho kev tso tawm ntawm thyrotropin thiab, raws li, ua rau muaj kev nce hauv thyroxine thiab triiodothyronine. Thyrocalcitonin koom nrog hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm calcium-phosphorus metabolism thiab ua kom tsim cov pob txha ntawm tes, thiab tseem yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm calcium hauv cov hlab ntsha. Cov haujlwm zoo sib xws yog muaj nyob hauv cov tshuaj hormones parathyroid, uas yog tsim los ntawm lub caj pas parathyroid. Kev tsim khoom tsis txaus ntawm cov tshuaj nquag no provokes kev txhim kho pob txha. Cov thyroid hormones koom nrog hauv txhua qhov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv lub cev ntawm tus neeg, thiab muaj cov haujlwm hauv qab no:
- nce tshav kub;
- txhawb kev zom cov rog, pab kom poob phaus;
- koom tes tsim cov qe ntshav liab;
- qhov kev loj hlob ib txwm thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm poj niam thiab txiv neej qhov chaw mos nyob ntawm lawv;
- cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob, lub cev loj hlob, kev loj hlob ntawm lub hauv paus paj hlwb, nrog rau lub hlwb;
- qhib kev tsim cov protein, uas tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov hlwb;
- nce qib ntawm cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav, cuam tshuam nws tsim los ntawm cov rog thiab cov protein.
Kev tshawb fawb los ntsuas cov thyroid ua haujlwm
txhawm rau ua kom lub cev ua haujlwm zoo, yuav tsum muaj cov thyroid hormones txaus. Cov kev ntsuam xyuas dab tsi los kuaj xyuas lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub cev no? Thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev tshawb no, tsis tsuas yog tus nqi ntawm thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyrotropin, tab sis kuj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase, thiab cov thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsis ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tsim tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws kab mob, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej. Yog li ntawd, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov thyroid caj pas thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj hormones cuam tshuam. Tus lej tom kawg yog cuam tshuam los ntawm:
- iodine, uas yuav tsum muaj ntau txaus, txij li cov kab no siv los tsim cov tshuaj hormones;
- cov cim uas tuaj ntawm lub paj hlwb, cuam tshuam rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov thyroid caj pas thiab cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig;
- muaj thiab ntim ntawm cov hlwb noj qab nyob zoo hauv caj pas.
Koj tuaj yeem pom cov qauv ntawm cov thyroid hormones saum toj no.
Tsis muaj tshuaj hormonal
Yuav ua li cas cov tshuaj hormones muab rau cov thyroid caj pas, tam sim no nws pom tseeb. Xav txog dab tsi teeb meem tshwm sim nrog lub cev tsis txaus. Hauv qhov no, tus kab mob hu ua hypothyroidism tsim. Yog vim li cas rau nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub deficiency ntawm iodine los yog cov tsos ntawm cov tshuaj uas cuam tshuam rau kev tsim khoom.cov tshuaj hormones, tsawg dua thaum noj qee yam tshuaj, tshem tawm cov qog. Hauv cov cheeb tsam uas tsis tshua muaj iodine, hypothyroidism tshwm sim nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm endemic goiter. Ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg me ntsis lossis pom cov tsos mob hauv qab no, koj yuav tsum mus ntsib kws kho mob uas yuav sau ntawv xa mus rau kev kuaj ntshav rau cov thyroid hormones. Qhov tsis muaj lawv yog tshwm sim hauv qab no:
- tsis tu ncua, qaug zog;
- lub xeev raug tsim txom;
- hnyav nce;
- mob khaub thuas;
- kev muaj menyuam;
- qis lub cev kub thiab tsis muaj peev xwm ua kom sov;
- mob hauv cov leeg thiab pob qij txha;
- cem quav;
- o ntawm ob txhais ceg, ntsej muag;
- ntshav siab thiab lub plawv dhia qeeb;
- txo qis hauv kev nco thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv.
x
YHyperthyroidism
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, muaj ib tug hyperfunction ntawm lub cev, nyob rau hauv uas lub synthesis thiab secretion ntawm thyroxine thiab triiodothyronine nce. Kev tshuaj xyuas qhia tau hais tias cov thyroid hormones nce siab, thaum nws nce loj, tus neeg muaj exophthalmos. Daim duab kho mob yog raws li nram no:
- kho siab tas li;
- fever;
- qab qab heev tab sis poob qis;
- qaug zog, qaug zog;
- dryness thiab flabbiness ntawm dermis;
- ntshav siab;
- lub sijhawm tsis xwm yeem;
- tsis muaj peev xwm xeeb tub;
- txo qis hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv;
- lub plawv dhia nquag;
- bad memory.
Hyperthyroidism tau pom nyob rau hauv qee qhov pathologies ntawm cov thyroid caj pas. Hauv cov xwm txheej sib cais, qhov laj thawj rau nws txoj kev loj hlob yog kev tswj tsis tau ntawm cov tshuaj thyroid, cov neeg ua haujlwm poob phaus, neoplasms ntawm pituitary caj pas thiab zes qe menyuam, thiab kev noj ntau dhau ntawm cov tshuaj iodine. Hauv txhua kis, txhawm rau saib xyuas tus neeg mob tus mob, kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov thyroid hormones yog qhia.
YThyroxine (T4)
Y Thyroxine synthesized los ntawm follicular hlwb ntawm cov qog yog tawm mus rau hauv cov ntshav, uas feem ntau ntawm nws khi rau globulin. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev no, nws poob kev lom zem. Qhov seem T4 hauv daim ntawv pub dawb ua cov haujlwm hauv qab no:
- nce cua sov thiab lub zog metabolism;
- ua kom cov txheej txheem metabolic;
- txhim kho cellular ua pa;
- txo cov ntshav triglycerides thiab roj cholesterol;
- muab impetus rau tag nrho cov txheej txheem hauv nruab nrab paj hlwb;
- lub luag haujlwm rau kev sib txuas ntawm retinol hauv daim siab hlwb;
- txhim kho pob txha noj qab haus huv.
Qib ntawm cov thyroid hormone T4 hauv cov ntshav yog cuam tshuam los ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab lub cev lub cev ntawm tus neeg. Hauv cov poj niam cev xeeb tub, cov qauv ntawm qhov ntsuas no siab dua. Kev siv qee yam tshuaj kuj cuam tshuam qhov tshwm sim:
- txo nws qib ntawm corticosteroids, androgens, sulfonamides, potassium iodide, penicillin;
- overestimate - cov tshuaj thyroid, tshuaj estrogens, hluavtaws thyroxine.
T4 siab thiab qis
Ntau cov tshuaj hormones nrawm nrawm rau kev zom cov lipids, hauvRaws li qhov tshwm sim, tus neeg yuav poob ceeb thawj sai. Lub zog tso tawm thaum tus txheej txheem no cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev:
- ntshav siab poob;
- tawm hws ntau ntxiv;
- lub siab ua haujlwm ntawm nws qhov txwv;
- ntau dhau stimulation ntawm lub hauv paus paj hlwb ua rau neurosis thiab kev xav tsis txaus ntseeg;
- calcium pib tawm ntawm cov pob txha, ua rau muaj kab mob caries, pob txha, tawg, pob txha thiab lwm yam kab mob.
Kab mob uas muaj qhov nce ntxiv ntawm thyroxine hauv kev kuaj rau cov thyroid hormones:
- rog, tsis hais qib;
- diffuse goiter;
- kab mob siab;
- ntau tus mob myeloma;
- Yglomerulonephritis;
- thyroiditis;
- thiab lwm tus.
Cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm kev nce thyroxine:
- tsis muaj zog;
- faus;
- chim siab txog aggression;
- ntshai;
- limb tremor;
- kev poob qis hauv lub cev hnyav;
- tawm hws ntau dhau.
Yog tias lub cev ua haujlwm tsis txaus, qhov tsis txaus ntawm thyroxin, cov thyroid hormone, tau pom, thiab qhov no tshwm sim hauv cov xwm txheej hauv qab no:
- kev puas tsuaj lossis mob hauv lub caj pas pituitary, hypothalamus;
- kab mob goiter;
- phais taub hau lossis mob hlwb raug mob;
- ntau cov thyroid hormones hauvvim noj tshuaj;
- autoimmune thyroiditis;
- kev phais mob thyroid.
Qib qis ntawm thyroxine qhia los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kuaj ntshav rau cov thyroid hormones yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm pathology uas kho tsis tau thiab tus neeg mob noj tshuaj rau lub neej, piv txwv li tau txais kev kho mob hloov.
Endocrine muaj nuj nqi ntawm parafollicular thyroid cells
Thyrocalcitonin yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab muaj cov amino acid residues, iodine tsis muaj nyob rau hauv nws. Ib qho nyiaj calcium ntau ntxiv hauv cov ntshav txhawb kev tso tawm ntawm calcitonin, thiab ib qho txo qis ua qhov sib txawv. Nws qib hloov pauv raws li hauv qab no:
- YThyroid neoplasm;
- ntshav qab zib;
- osteoporosis;
- ua pa, prostate lossis mob qog noj ntshav mis.
Ib qho kev nce ntxiv hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj hormonal hauv cov ntshav thaum txheeb xyuas cov thyroid hormones, ntau txhiab zaus siab dua qhov kev tso cai, tau pom hauv medullary carcinoma. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsis tseem ceeb nce lossis ua tsis tiav ntawm calcitonin, uas tshwm sim tom qab tshem tawm cov thyroid caj pas, tsis ua rau muaj kev ua txhaum ntawm lub xeev ntawm lub cev pob txha thiab calcium metabolism. Yog li, lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj hormonal no hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm calcium metabolism tsis nkag siab thiab tseem tsis meej.
Thyrotropic Hormone
Lub ntuj ua haujlwm ntawm cov thyroid yog nyob ntawm qhov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj hormonal, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub anterior pituitary caj pas.qog. TSH hormone cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov triiodothyronine thiab thyroxine - qhov no yog nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Kev nce hauv thyrotropin yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem pathological hauv lub cev. Nws qib nyob ntawm lub hnub nyoog ntawm tus neeg, piv txwv li, hauv cov menyuam yug tshiab nws siab, thiab thaum lawv loj hlob thiab loj hlob, cov ntsuas hloov. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws cuam tshuam los ntawm lub sijhawm nruab hnub, ntxhov siab, noj qee yam tshuaj, ua haujlwm lub cev. Ib qho kev dhia hauv TSH tsis yog qhov ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb. Kev nce ntxiv tuaj yeem pom ntawm:
- kab mob thyroid;
- gallbladder resection;
- lead lom;
- ntau dhau lossis tsawg dhau ntawm iodine;
- pathologies ntawm cov pa ua pa, hlab plawv, digestive thiab urinary systems;
- adrenal dysfunction;
- mob hnyav ntawm preeclampsia nyob rau lub sijhawm thib ob thiab peb lub hlis twg;
- qog nqaij hlav hauv ntsws, qog mammary thiab thyroid caj pas, pituitary caj pas.
Cov teeb meem pheej hmoo yog kev noj zaub mov ntev ntev, kev xeeb tub, autoimmune pathologies, kev ntxhov siab tas li thiab kev tawm dag zog. Kev nce qib ntawm TSH yog pom nyob rau hauv hypothyroidism. Thaum xub thawj, tus kab mob tsis muab cov duab qhia pom, uas ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev kuaj pom thaum ntxov. Nrog kev nce qib ntawm thyrotropin, qib ntawm cov thyroid hormones T3 thiab T4 txo. Muaj qee qhov nta ntawm chav kawm ntawm hypothyroidism:
- Kev sib deev ploj hauv cov txiv neej, potency txo, testosterone concentration txo, phev zoo deteriorates, txhim khokev muaj menyuam.
- Cov poj niam muaj lub sijhawm tsis tu ncua, lawv ua ntev thiab hnyav, uterine los ntshav thiab daj-dawb paug tawm ntawm cov qog mammary yog ua tau, tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev pub niam mis, muaj teeb meem nrog kev xeeb tub.
- Cov menyuam mos uas muaj qhov tsis zoo hauv lub cev tsim edema, lub qhov txhab ntawm lub qhov txhab kho tau ntev, muaj jaundice ntev, qhov nqus tau qhov tsis muaj zog. Cov menyuam yaus maj mam nce qhov hnyav, tsis muaj zog, tawv nqaij daj ntseg, cov leeg nqaij tsis muaj zog. Tsis muaj kev kho mob ua rau tsis muaj kev hloov pauv hauv lub hauv paus paj hlwb, kev puas siab puas ntsws, lag ntseg, kev puas hlwb thiab pob txha deformities.
- Nyob rau hauv cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool thiab cov laus muaj ib tug lag nyob rau hauv kev txawj ntse thiab lub cev kev loj hlob, tas li qaug zog, tsis muaj concentration, impaired thermoregulation.
- Cov tub ntxhais hluas tau ncua sijhawm puberty, rog rog, kev nyuaj siab, kev kawm tsis zoo.
Txo cov concentration ntawm thyrotropin provokes kev loj hlob ntawm hyperthyroidism. Yam ntxwv rau nws:
- mob plab zom mov;
- tachycardia;
- poob qis txawm tias qab los zoo heev;
- siab dav.
Ntxiv rau qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam rau TSH, cov qauv ntawm cov neeg laus nyob ntawm 0.3 txog 4 μIU / l, kev kuaj tshuaj tiv thaiv rau nws cov receptors yog qhia. Nws yog qhov kev tshawb fawb tom kawg uas suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev kuaj mob ntawm cov thyroid caj pas.
Thaum twg qhov kev xeem raug sau tseg?
Kev tsom xamKev kuaj ntshav rau cov thyroid hormones yog ib txoj kev tshawb fawb uas qhia tau hais tias lub xeev ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm lub endocrine system ntawm ib tug neeg. Cov teeb meem thyroid cuam tshuam rau tag nrho lub cev. Cov kab mob ntawm lub cev no feem ntau tshwm sim yam tsis muaj cov tsos mob tshwm sim, thiab tus neeg yuav tsis paub txog qhov muaj kev hloov pauv pathological. Txawm li cas los xij, koj yuav tsum hu rau koj tus kws kho mob yog tias koj muaj cov tsos mob hauv qab no:
- tawm hws ntau dhau;
- poob phaus nrog kev noj zaub mov zoo lossis nce ntxiv;
- so lub plawv palpitations txog 120 neeg ntaus ib feeb;
- ntshav siab dhia;
- arrhythmia;
- lub cev tshee hnyo, sab caj npab tremor;
- tas li qaug zog, qaug zog;
- fever tsis cuam tshuam rau khaub thuas;
- npau suav phem;
- hair poob;
- tsis muaj lossis txo qis kev sib deev;
- polyuria;
- pom tus kab mob goiter uas pom ntawm qhov muag liab qab;
- txiv neej impotence;
- teeb meem gynecological;
- kev muaj menyuam;
- tshwm sim ntawm fibrocystic mastopathy.
Txhawm rau kuaj pom tseeb thaum cov tsos mob saum toj no tshwm sim, tus kws kho mob yuav pom zoo kom kuaj cov thyroid hormones - pub ntshav. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau qee lub sijhawm nws raug pom zoo kom siv cov khoom siv biomaterial rau kev tsom xam rau cov neeg uas muaj kev pheej hmoo rau cov thyroid pathology, thiab tiv thaiv cov neeg muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 45 xyoo. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev xeem thawj, i.e. Thaum tus neeg yws yws thawj zaug, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), dawb triiodothyronine thiab thyroxine, thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) raug kuaj. Hauv theem nrab thiab thaum cev xeeb tub, ib qho kev kuaj rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau TSH yog ntxiv rau saum toj no.
Npaj rau kev tshuaj ntsuam
Kom tau txais qhov tseeb tshaj plaws rau kev xa cov thyroid hormones, koj yuav tsum npaj ua ntej:
- Peb caug hnub ua ntej hnub xeem, tsum tsum tsis txhob noj tshuaj hormonal coj los kho endocrine pathology. Nws tsis pom zoo kom tshem tawm cov tshuaj ntawm koj tus kheej, qhov teeb meem no tau pom zoo nrog tus kws kho mob.
- Rau xya hnub, tso tseg haus cawv, haus luam yeeb, mus koom kev ncaws pob.
- Rau ib lub lim tiam, sim zam kev ntxhov siab, teeb meem tsis sib haum.
- Tsis txhob noj cov khoom uas muaj iodine peb hnub ua ntej kuaj.
- Cov kev tshawb fawb hauv cov qauv hauv daim ntawv ntawm MRI, ultrasound, X-ray thiab lwm yam ua ntej kev kuaj ntshav yuav tsum tau ncua, vim tias lawv cuam tshuam cov txiaj ntsig.
- Yog tias koj tsis xis nyob lossis muaj mob hnyav, txoj kev kawm yuav tsum raug tshem tawm thiab tos kom rov zoo tag nrho.
- Hnub ua ntej ntawm kev sim, yog tias ua tau, tsis kam noj txhua yam tshuaj, suav nrog cov vitamin thiab ntxhia complexes. Txwv tsis pub, ceeb toom rau tus kws kho mob.
- Noj hmo ua ntej qhov kev sim yuav tsum yog lub teeb, nws raug pom zoo kom muab kev nyiam rau cov kua mis fermented thiab zaub zaub.
- Los ntawm pluas mov kawg, suav nrog dej, mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev swbbiomaterial yuav tsum dhau tsawg kawg 12 teev.
- Tsis txhob txhuam koj cov hniav rau hnub kuaj thaum sawv ntxov.
- 20-30 feeb ua ntej nkag mus rau hauv chav kuaj, ua siab ntev, so.
- Biomaterial sampling yog nqa mus txog 10 teev sawv ntxov. Nws raug sau tseg tias qhov kev ua haujlwm loj tshaj plaws ntawm qee yam tshuaj ntawm cov thyroid caj pas poob rau thaum sawv ntxov lub sijhawm ntawm 7.30 txog 8.00 teev.
Kev ntseeg siab ntawm kev sim thiab kev kho kom txaus yog nyob ntawm kev ua raws li cov cai saum toj no. Kev kho tsis raug cai tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev sib deev ncaj ncees los saib xyuas cov qib ntawm cov tshuaj hormonal, txij li lub peev xwm xeeb tub, ua siab ntev thiab yug me nyuam noj qab nyob zoo nyob ntawm lawv cov concentration. Cov kev cai rau kev npaj rau kev kuaj cov thyroid hormones rau cov poj niam tau piav qhia saum toj no, lawv tsis nyob ntawm kev coj khaub ncaws.
