Ib pawg ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob zoo heev yog cephalosporins. Lawv tau pom nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, tab sis nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no muaj ntau yam tshuaj tshiab tau txais. Muaj tsib tiam ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob zoo li no. Feem ntau cephalosporins hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj. Lawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tiv thaiv ntau yam kab mob thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo txawm tias cov menyuam yaus. Lawv yooj yim rau noj thiab feem ntau yog cov kws kho mob xaiv los kho cov kab mob sib kis.
keeb kwm kev txhim kho ntawm pawg tshuaj tua kab mob
Rov qab rau hauv 40s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, tus kws tshawb fawb Italian Brodzu, thaum kawm txog cov kab mob typhoid, nrhiav pom cov kab mob nrog cov kab mob tua kab mob. Nws ua pov thawj tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tiv thaiv kab mob Gram-positive thiab Gram-negative. Tom qab ntawd, tus kws tshawb fawb tau cais cov tshuaj los ntawm cov kab mob no hu ua cephalosporin C. Ntawm nws lub hauv paus, cov tshuaj tua kab mob pib tsim, koom ua ke hauv pawg cephalosporins. Lawv tau pom tias tiv taus penicillinase thiab uasiv cov tshuaj penicillin tsis zoo. Thawj cov tshuaj hauv pawg no yog Cephaloridin.
Tam sim no twb muaj tsib tiam ntawm cephalosporins, sib txuas ntau dua 50 tshuaj. Ntxiv nrog rau kev npaj cov kab mob fungus, cov tshuaj tua kab mob ib nrab kuj tau tsim uas ruaj khov dua thiab muaj ntau qhov kev ua haujlwm.
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob no ua haujlwm li cas?
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cephalosporins yog raws li lawv lub peev xwm los rhuav tshem cov enzymes uas tsim lub hauv paus ntawm cov kab mob cell membrane. Yog li ntawd, lawv tsuas yog ua haujlwm tawm tsam kev loj hlob thiab sib npaug ntawm cov kab mob. Cov tshuaj ntawm thawj ob tiam neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov kab mob staphylococcal thiab streptococcal, tab sis raug rhuav tshem los ntawm beta-lactamases uas tsim los ntawm cov kab mob gram-tsis zoo. Cov tiam tshiab ntawm cov tshuaj, nyob rau hauv uas lub ntsiab active ingredient, muab rho tawm los ntawm cov fungus, yog txuam nrog synthetic tshuaj, tig tawm kom ruaj khov. Lawv tau siv rau ntau yam kab mob tab sis tsis tau zoo tiv thaiv staphylococci thiab streptococci.
YKev faib tawm ntawm cephalosporins
Koj tuaj yeem faib cov tshuaj no rau hauv pab pawg raws li cov qauv sib txawv: raws li kev ua haujlwm, kev ua tau zoo lossis kev tswj hwm. Tab sis feem ntau yog lawv cov kev faib tawm los ntawm tiam:
- thawj tiam tshuaj tua kab mob tau txais nyob rau hauv 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Cov no yog Cefalexin, Cefazolin, Cefadroxil thiab lwm yam. Tam sim no lawv muaj ntau yam analogues thiab cov ntaub ntawv tso tawm: nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj, ntsiav tshuaj, tshuaj ntsiav los yogkev ncua;
- tiam thib ob ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob tiv taus ntau dua rau beta-lactamase. Feem ntau siv cov cephalosporins hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj: "Cefuroxime axetil" thiab "Cefaclor";
- tiam thib peb suav nrog Cefixime, Ceftibuten, Cefotaxime thiab lwm yam;
- nyob rau tiam plaub, tsuas muaj tshuaj txhaj. Lawv twb tiv taus beta-lactamases thiab muaj kev ua haujlwm dav dav ntawm cov kab mob gram-zoo. Cov no yog "Cefipim" thiab "Cefpir";
- 5 tiam cephalosporins tau tsis ntev los no. Lawv tseem tsis tau muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj, tab sis kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj no suav hais tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tiv thaiv ntau yam kab mob.
Scope ntawm cephalosporins
Cov tshuaj no zoo heev, tab sis tsis yog txhua tus kab mob kis tau los ntawm lawv. Cephalosporins tsis muaj txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem tawm tsam enterococci, pneumococci, listeria, pseudomonas, chlamydia thiab mycoplasma. Tab sis cov kab mob hauv qab no tau yooj yim kho los ntawm lawv:
- cystitis, pyelonephritis, urethritis thiab lwm yam kab mob raum;
- caj pas;
- kis kab mob ntawm txoj hlab ntsws sab sauv;
- otitis media;
- sinusitis;
- mob ntsws thiab mob ntev;
- kab mob gonorrhea;
- shigellosis;
- furunculosis;
Lawv kuj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob tom qab phais.
Kev mob tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj no
Cephalosporins ntsiav tshuajyooj yim zam, tab sis qee zaum tuaj yeem ua rau mob plab, xeev siab, ntuav thiab raws plab. Nrog rau kev txhaj tshuaj, qhov kub hnyiab thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv inflammatory ntawm qhov chaw txhaj tshuaj tuaj yeem ua tau. Feem ntau, cephalosporins yog cov tshuaj toxicity tsawg thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo txawm tias cov menyuam yaus. Zoo li txhua yam tshuaj tua kab mob, lawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev fab tshuaj thiab teeb meem rau daim siab thiab lub raum. Nws tseem tuaj yeem hloov daim duab ntawm cov ntshav. Feem ntau, kev kho parenteral nrog cephalosporins yog ua raws li kev saib xyuas ntawm tus kws kho mob hauv tsev kho mob. Kev mob tshwm sim hnyav hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no tuaj yeem zam tau. Hauv kev kho mob sab nraud, uas siv cephalosporins hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj, koj yuav tsum ua raws li cov lus qhia nruj me ntsis thiab noj tshuaj ntxiv los tiv thaiv dysbacteriosis. Yog vim li cas cov tshuaj no tsis tuaj yeem siv ntawm nws tus kheej yam tsis muaj kws kho mob sau ntawv.
Vim li cas cephalosporins hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj feem ntau siv
Tus nqi ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov teeb meem no. Tom qab tag nrho, koj tsis tas yuav ntxiv yuav cov koob txhaj tshuaj thiab cov kev daws teeb meem, them nyiaj rau cov kev pabcuam ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob. Cov ntsiav tshuaj rau kev kho mob tuaj yeem yuav los ntawm 50 txog 250 rubles, kev ncua yog kim dua - txog 500.
Kev puas siab puas ntsws tseem ceeb heev. Ntau tus neeg mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog menyuam yaus, tau nkag siab txog qhov tseeb ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj.
Kev txhaj tshuaj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev mob tshwm sim hauv zos. Tias yog vim li cas cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kho mob stepwise tau siv ntau dua hauv cov tshuaj, thaum, thaum tus neeg mob zoo dua, lawv hloov mus rau qhov ncauj ntawm kev tswj hwm.tshuaj. Qhov no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj feem xyuam rau hauv kev xyaum menyuam yaus. Thiab feem ntau, rau kev kho cov menyuam yaus, lawv sim siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm pawg cephalosporin hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshaj plaws hauv kev kho mob ntawm cov kab mob uas tsis yog mob hnyav. Tab sis nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, koj yuav tsum tau cia siab rau cov lus qhia ntawm tus kws kho mob. Tsuas yog ib tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab yog tias cephalosporin yuav pab tau qhov no.
Cov lus qhia rau kev siv
Pills lossis capsules uas cov tshuaj tua kab mob tsim tawm yuav tsum haus nruj me ntsis raws li kws kho mob pom zoo.
Feem ntau, cov neeg laus tau muab 1 gram ntawm cov tshuaj txhua 6-12 teev. Rau cov menyuam yaus, qhov ntau npaum li cas yog suav nrog qhov hnyav thiab cov tshuaj tsis pub ntau tshaj peb zaug hauv ib hnub. Rau kev yooj yim ntawm kev siv tshuaj, cov ntsiav tshuaj uas muaj cov kab sib faib yog tsim, nrog rau cov kua dej thiab ncua kev kawm, uas muaj qhov qab ntxiag saj. Nws yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no uas cephalosporins feem ntau yog siv los kho cov menyuam yaus. Tsis txhob siv cov tshuaj no tsuas yog rau cov menyuam mos hnub nyoog qis dua 3 lub hlis xwb. Feem ntau, kev kho mob kav ntev li 7-10 hnub, tab sis txhua yam nyob ntawm tus neeg mob tus mob. Feem ntau, tom qab kev txhim kho, koj yuav tsum tau noj cov tshuaj ntxiv rau 2-3 hnub. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los haus cov tshuaj tom qab noj mov, yog li cephalosporins hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj zoo dua absorbed. Cov lus qhia tseem ceeb toom tias tib lub sijhawm lawv yuav tsum noj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv dysbacteriosis.
Cephalosporins ntawm thawj peb tiam
Cov no twb tau kawm, siv ntev thiab siv tshuaj ntau. Ntau yam ntawm lawv muaj nyob rau hauv ntau hom:
- hauv hmoov rau kev npaj tshuajtxhaj tshuaj;
- hauv hmoov rau kev npaj ncua;
- hauv capsules;
- hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj uas muaj ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov tshuaj nquag;
- hauv syrup rau me nyuam.
Tag nrho cov tshuaj no feem ntau raug muab rau kev kho mob me me ntawm cov kab mob ua pa sab saud, cov kab mob genitourinary, tawv nqaij thiab cov nqaij mos. Txij li thawj mus rau tiam thib peb ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob no, muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob gram-tsis zoo, tab sis cov kab mob gram-zoo ua rau lawv tiv taus ntau dua.
thawj tiam ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob no, ntxiv rau cov tshuaj uas nws cov npe qhia ncaj qha rau lawv cov khoom, suav nrog Biodroxil, Keflex, Palitrex, Sephril thiab Solexin.2 tiam cephalosporins hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj feem ntau siv, txij li lawv cov kev ua haujlwm siab ua ke. nrog kev ua siab ntev zoo. Cov tshuaj nto moo tshaj plaws yog Zinnat, Suprax, Aksosef, Zinoximor thiab Ceclor. Tsis ntev los no, cov tshuaj tua kab mob-cephalosporins hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj ntawm tiam 3 tau pib tsim. Lawv tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov npe hauv qab no: "Orelox", "Cedex" thiab lwm yam. Lawv feem ntau siv rau hauv kev xyaum menyuam yaus.
Modern cephalosporins
Tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm pab pawg no, koom nrog tiam 4 thiab 5, tau tshwm sim tsis ntev los no. Lawv yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob semi-synthetic thiab muaj qhov dav spectrumaction.
Thaum cov tshuaj no tsuas yog muab los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj, yog li lawv ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws. Cov kws tshawb fawb tsis ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov ntsiav tshuaj cephalosporin tau nqus sai sai yam tsis poob lawv txoj haujlwm. Los ntawm tiam plaub, cov tshuaj no feem ntau siv: Maksipim, Cefepim, Isodepom, Kaiten, Ladef, Movizar thiab lwm yam. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nyob ruaj khov rau kev kho mob ntawm tus kab mob loj. Tsis ntev los no tau tshwm sim thiab tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm tiam 5 - "Ceftozolan" thiab "Ceftobiprol Medokaril". Lawv tau ua pov thawj tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua tiv thaiv kab mob feem ntau paub.
