Sputum in tuberculosis: causative agent, cai rau noob, tsom xam, kuaj thiab kuaj mob

Cov txheej txheem:

Sputum in tuberculosis: causative agent, cai rau noob, tsom xam, kuaj thiab kuaj mob
Sputum in tuberculosis: causative agent, cai rau noob, tsom xam, kuaj thiab kuaj mob

Video: Sputum in tuberculosis: causative agent, cai rau noob, tsom xam, kuaj thiab kuaj mob

Video: Sputum in tuberculosis: causative agent, cai rau noob, tsom xam, kuaj thiab kuaj mob
Video: Saib tias ntawm ntsej muag 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Tuberculosis yog ib yam kab mob txaus ntshai uas cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu. Lub ntsws feem ntau cuam tshuam, tab sis kuj muaj tuberculosis ntawm ob lub raum, zais zis, pob txha thiab lwm yam kabmob thiab lub cev.

Txawm hais tias niaj hnub no txoj kev kuaj mob thiab kho tus kab mob no, cov txheeb cais ntawm kev sib kis ntawm tuberculosis tseem tu siab. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb rau Russia. Raws li qee cov ntawv tshaj tawm, cov neeg Lavxias muaj kev pheej hmoo kis tus kabmob kaum npaug ntau dua li cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws tsim kho. Tsis tas li ntawd, tuberculosis tshwm sim txawm nyob rau hauv cov tswv cuab ntawm cov tsev neeg muaj nyiaj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev ua neej nyob. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau mus kuaj mob tsis tu ncua thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, kuaj hnoos qeev rau tuberculosis.

Koch sticks
Koch sticks

Tuberculosis etiology

Tus neeg sawv cev ntawm tus kab mob txaus ntshai no yog Koch's wand. nwsmycobacterium (lat. mycobacterium tuberculosis), uas kis tau los ntawm cov tee dej. Cov kab mob belongs rau cov chav kawm ntawm fungi, muaj ib tug me me thiab ib tug ntom plhaub, uas tso cai rau nws kom ciaj sia nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig thiab ua rau cov kab mob tenacious heev. Qhov no piav qhia txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus kabmob - lawv tuaj yeem kis tau thaum sib tham nrog tus neeg mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias nws txham lossis hnoos thaum lub sijhawm no.

Tus kab mob insidiousness nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias feem ntau nws yog asymptomatic. Raws li kev txheeb cais, tsuas yog ib qho ntawm kaum kis tau ua haujlwm.

Dab tsi yog thawj cim qhia ntawm TB?

thawj cov cim ceeb toom yuav yog:

  • Nyob hnoos ntev.
  • Cov tsos mob ntawm cov kua paug thiab cov ntshav hauv cov hnoos qeev.
  • Subfebrile qhov kub thiab txias.
  • poob phaus.
  • Tsis qab los noj.
  • Nyob ib leeg.

Yog tias koj muaj ib lossis ntau daim paib, koj yuav tsum tau mus kuaj yam tsis tau poob. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais tias muaj hnoos nrog ib tug txawv txawv secretion. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua fluorography, uas txhua tus neeg Lavxias yuav tsum ua ib xyoos ib zaug.

Yog tias pom muaj kev tsim tawm ntawm daim duab, txoj kab uas hla yuav dhau ib centimeter, tus neeg yuav tsum raug xa mus rau kev sim ntxiv.

Ua fluorography
Ua fluorography

TB hnoos qeev zoo li cas?

Nyob rau theem pib, tus neeg mob tsuas muaj qhov ntsiag to. Nws feem ntau yog xim dawb vim nws cov ntsiab lus protein ntau.

Nyob rau theem tom qab, cov ntshav thiab cov kua paug tshwm rau hauv cov hnoos qeev. Nyob rau theem no, cov xim ntawm cov hnoos qeev tuaj yeem yog daj, ntsuab, lossis txawm liab. Nws tag nrho yog nyob ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm cov ntshav thiab cov kua paug hauv nws. Daim duab ntawm hnoos qeev nrog tuberculosis ntawm theem kawg yog nthuav tawm hauv qab no.

Sputum nrog tuberculosis ntawm theem kawg
Sputum nrog tuberculosis ntawm theem kawg

Nyob rau theem pib, hnoos qeev feem ntau yog khov thiab muaj cov hnoos qeev ntau. Raws li tus kab mob no tshwm sim, ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm noo noo tshwm nyob rau hauv nws, uas ua rau nws ntau kua. Raws li qhov no, peb tuaj yeem xaus lus tias hnoos qeev nrog tuberculosis tuaj yeem sib txawv heev.

Kev kuaj kab mob

Hauv kev kuaj mob, muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los txiav txim tus kab mob hauv cov neeg mob. Feem ntau ntawm cov no yog kab mob hnoos qeev.

Sputum test for tuberculosis yog ua nyob rau hauv ob theem:

  • Kev soj ntsuam sab nraud ntawm cov hnoos qeev (macroscopy).
  • kab lis kev cai kab mob (microscopy).

Sputum collection for tuberculosis

Yuav ua li cas thiaj khaws cov khoom siv roj ntsha kom zoo? Nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg uas muaj tuberculosis, hnoos qeev muaj ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm Koch sticks. Thaum kuaj xyuas cov mucous secretions, koj tuaj yeem kuaj pom tus kab mob thiab txiav txim siab txog qhov muaj lossis tsis muaj tus kabmob hauv tus neeg mob.

Txawm li cas los xij, kom tau txais qhov tseeb thiab txhim khu kev qha, tus neeg mob yuav tsum tau npaj kom zoo rau kev kuaj thiab sau cov hnoos qeev rau mycobacteria.tuberculosis raws li txhua txoj cai:

  1. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam thaum sawv ntxov, vim tias qhov ntau ntawm cov kua qaub nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsws sab saud thaum hmo ntuj. Qhov no yuav pab kom nws yooj yim txav deb ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub bronchi thaum sawv ntxov.
  2. Tus neeg mob yuav tsum ncua sijhawm noj tshais kom txog thaum cov khoom siv biomaterial tau sau. Qhov tseeb yog tias noj mov tuaj yeem hloov cov hnoos qeev hauv tuberculosis, thiab ua rau nws nyuaj rau tso tawm.
  3. Qee tus kws kho mob qhia cov neeg mob kom noj cov tshuaj expectorant ua ntej kom yooj yim rau kev nkag mus ntawm biomaterial.
  4. Nco ntsoov tias nws yog hnoos qeev uas yuav tsum tau khaws, tsis yog qaub ncaug.
  5. Ua ntej yuav xeem, koj yuav tsum ntxuav koj lub qhov ncauj nrog txhuam thiab tshuaj txhuam hniav, ces yaug koj lub qhov ncauj nrog boiled dej. Qhov no yuav pab tiv thaiv cov kab mob txawv teb chaws los ntawm kev nkag mus rau cov hnoos qeev. Txhuam koj cov hniav nrog ib tug txhuam hniav nrog ib tug hardness tsis siab tshaj qhov nruab nrab. Qhov no yuav txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev raug mob rau cov pos hniav thiab tiv thaiv cov ntshav los ntawm cov hnoos qeev. Hauv tuberculosis, nws tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv cov khoom siv lom neeg tsuas yog nyob rau theem tom qab ntawm tus kab mob.
  6. Cov khoom siv biomaterial tau xauj hauv lub thawv tshwj xeeb, uas tuaj yeem yuav ntawm txhua lub tsev muag tshuaj. Lub thawv yog tsis muaj menyuam thiab muaj lub hau ntswj uas yuav tsum tau qhib tam sim ntawd ua ntej sau cov hnoos qeev. Tom qab sau, lub thawv kaw tam sim ntawd.
  7. Rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua, tus neeg mob yuav tsum tau ua pa tob peb zaug, thiab tom qab ntawd hnoos zoo.
  8. Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom xav tau rau kev tsom xam ua tiav yog feem ntautuaj yeem tau txais hauv ob lossis peb qhov expectorations.
  9. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum pub cov hnoos qeev hauv qhov chaw uas muaj cua zoo. Kev nkag mus rau nws yuav tsum tau cim nrog lub cim tshwj xeeb, txhais tau hais tias cov neeg sab nrauv raug txwv nruj kom nkag mus rau ntawm no. Cov kws kho mob yuav tsum muaj qee qhov kev tiv thaiv hauv daim npog ntsej muag lossis lub tshuab ua pa.
hnoos li hnoos qeev
hnoos li hnoos qeev

Analysis

Txawm tias nyob rau theem pib ntawm tus kab mob, cov hnoos qeev ntawm tus neeg mob tuberculosis sab nraud txawv ntawm cov qauv. Nws kis tau ib tug greyish los yog greenish xim, nws muaj tej daim ntawm mucus los yog pus. Nyob rau hauv thawj theem, lub xub ntiag ntawm cov ntshav yog tsis tsim nyog nyob rau hauv tag nrho, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau lub cavernous theem, thaum lub siab ncaj ncees ntawm cov hlab ntsha twb puas lawm.

Thaum kuaj xyuas hauv lub tshuab ntsuas ntsuas, pom cov oval lossis nkhaus me ntsis. Qhov ntev yog los ntawm 1 mus rau 10 microns, thiab txoj kab uas hla yog los ntawm 0.2 mus rau 0.6. Mycobacterium tuberculosis nyob rau hauv cov hnoos qeev zoo li no: xyuam xim rau daim duab hauv qab no.

Koch sticks nyob rau hauv lub microscope
Koch sticks nyob rau hauv lub microscope

Ntxiv rau, nrog kev pab los ntawm lub tshuab tsom iav, koj tuaj yeem kuaj cov calcium ntsev, tsim cov roj cholesterol, elastic fibers. Tag nrho cov no yog cov khoom ntawm kev tawg ntawm lub ntsws hlwb. Lawv qhov kev tshawb nrhiav hauv kev tshuaj xyuas qhia tau tias cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev puas tsuaj tau pib lawm.

Tom qab ntawd bacteriological kab lis kev cai ntawm hnoos qeev rau tuberculosis yog ua:

  1. Tus neeg pabcuam hauv chav kuaj inoculates cov hnoos qeev ntawm cov khoom nruab nrab uas muab tso rau hauv Petri tais.
  2. Nyob rau theem thib ob ntawm kev ua haujlwm, kev npaj yog stained siv txoj kev Ziehl-Nelson. Txoj kev no xav tiasqhia meej nrog cov tshuaj carbolic ntawm fuchsin. Tom qab ntawd, kev npaj tau cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau cov tshuaj (hydrochloric cawv, sulfuric acid).
  3. kauj ruam tom ntej yog stain qhov kev npaj nrog methylene xiav.
  4. Vim li no, tag nrho cov kev npaj hloov xiav, thiab cov kab mob bacilli tsis stain. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus kab mob, lawv yuav pom meej heev. Yog tias tag nrho cov kev npaj yog xiav, qhov no yuav txhais tau tias tus neeg mob tsis muaj tuberculosis.

Yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas pes tsawg zaus?

Nws tsim nyog xav txog tias thawj qhov txiaj ntsig tsis zoo tsis yog kev lees paub txog kev noj qab haus huv. Qhov tseeb yog tias, txawm hais tias txoj kev no yog qhov rhiab heev, nws lav qhov kev ntseeg tau ntawm qhov tshwm sim tsuas yog tias muaj tsawg kawg yog 100 txhiab mycobacteria hauv 1 ml ntawm cov qauv. Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias muaj ib tug xav tias ntawm tuberculosis nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg mob, nws yuav tsum tau kis cov hnoos qeev ob zaug ntxiv nrog rau ncua sij hawm ntawm 1 lub hlis.

Qhov kev nkag siab ntawm thawj qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam yog 80%, thaum qhov thib ob thiab thib peb yog 90% thiab 97% raws.

Yog tias tag nrho peb qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam tsis zoo, nws muaj kev nyab xeeb los txiav txim siab tias tus neeg mob noj qab haus huv. Kev kuaj hnoos qeev rau tuberculosis yuav siv li ob mus rau tsib lub lis piam. Qhov no yog nws siv sijhawm ntev npaum li cas txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov kab mob hauv cov hnoos qeev.

Thawv nrog biomaterial
Thawv nrog biomaterial

Bronchoscopy. Lwm txoj hauv kev rau kev kuaj mob tuberculosis

Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshuaj xyuas kab mob bacteriological tsis yog ib txwm ua tau. Muaj cov xwm txheej thaum expectoration ntawm biomaterial tsis zoo. Yuav ua li cas rau cov xwm txheej zoo li no? ATHauv kev kuaj mob, muaj txoj hauv kev bronchoscopy, thaum tus kws kho mob coj mus kuaj cov ntaub so ntswg bronchopulmonary nrog kev pab los ntawm ib lub cuab yeej.

Cov txheej txheem no yog ua tiav tom qab muab tshuaj loog hauv zos rau tus neeg mob. Yog tias tus neeg mob yog menyuam yaus uas tsis tuaj yeem pw tsis tau thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, yuav tsum muaj tshuaj loog. Bronchoscopy kav ob peb feeb, thaum lub sij hawm tus kws kho mob qhia ib tug me me manipulator los ntawm lub qhov ntswg los yog qhov ncauj kab noj hniav. Thaum kawg ntawm lub cuab yeej muaj ib qho kev sojntsuam uas tuaj yeem ntes tau tus qauv zoo.

Ib qho ntawm qhov zoo ntawm txoj kev no yog lub peev xwm tshem tawm cov kab mob hauv lub ntsws los ntawm tus neeg mob lub bronchi.

Bronchoscopy rau ib tug me nyuam
Bronchoscopy rau ib tug me nyuam

PCR. Txoj kev niaj hnub niaj hnub no rau kev kuaj mob tuberculosis

Ib txoj hauv kev niaj hnub tshaj plaws ntawm kev kuaj mob tuberculosis yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polymer, uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev cais DNA feem ntawm mycobacteria los ntawm biomaterial, uas tso cai rau peb txiav txim siab tias tus neeg mob kis tau.

Nws qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb yog kev nthuav qhia. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas yog npaj txhij hauv 3-5 teev, uas txhais tau hais tias tsis tas yuav tsum tau tos ob peb lub lis piam, ib yam li cov kab mob bacteriological. Qhov zoo ntawm txoj kev kuj suav nrog:

  • Kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov txiaj ntsig.
  • Tsawg cov khoom xav tau rau kev tshuaj xyuas.
  • Muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas cov khoom siv lom neeg.

Qhov tsis zoo ntawm txoj kev yog:

Kev tsis ua tiav tom qab kev kho tus kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob. Qhov tseeb yog tias tus neeg uas tau rov qab los tau tuag mycobacteria hauv lub cev. Hauv qhov no, PCR tseem yuav muab qhov txiaj ntsig zoo, txawm tias tus neeg ntawd twb noj qab nyob zoo.

Zoo kawg

Nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, tuberculosis tsis tau suav tias yog kab mob tuag taus lawm, ib yam li txog tam sim no. Tus kab mob no kho tau, thiab ua tau zoo heev. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov kab mob hauv koj lub cev hauv lub sijhawm. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, hauv kev kuaj mob, muaj ntau txoj hauv kev zoo los kuaj xyuas Mycobacterium tuberculosis: fluorography, kab lis kev cai ntawm cov hnoos qeev rau tuberculosis, bronchoscopy, PCR, thiab lwm yam. Tsis txhob tso tseg lub sijhawm zoo li no. Koj yuav tsum tau mus kuaj mob tas li, saib xyuas koj txoj kev noj qab haus huv, sim txhim kho koj tus txheej txheem ntawm kev ua neej.

Pom zoo: