Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob neuroendocrine yog tswj hwm thiab sib txuas cov paj hlwb nrog cov cim hormonal, thiab tom qab ntawd hloov lawv mus rau hauv lub cev ua haujlwm uas cuam tshuam rau kev sib txuas ntawm ntau yam tshuaj hormones thiab lawv qhov zais cia.
Cov txheej txheem no, zoo li lwm yam tshwm sim hauv lub cev, yog qhov nyuaj, tseem ceeb thiab nthuav. Lawv tuaj yeem kawm paub meej tau ntev heev, yog li tam sim no nws tsim nyog kov ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub ncauj lus no.
System interconnection
Lawv yuav tsum tau hais ua ntej tham txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm endocrine thiab neuroendocrine glands.
Txhua kev sib txuas yog tsim los ntawm pituitary thiab hypothalamus. Cov no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub hlwb. Cov paj hlwb uas nkag mus rau hauv lub hypothalamus qhib qhov tso tawm ntawm qhov tso tawm. Txhua tus ntawm lawv yog nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog qee lub hlwb ntawm lub qog pituitary. Yog li ntawd, tropins tsim - cov tshuaj hormones ntawm lub caj pas pituitary. Lawv yuav tsum tautswj qee cov qog endocrine. Nov yog kev sib raug zoo tsis zoo.
Tab sis tsis yog tag nrho. Kawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm neuroendocrine system, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov tshuaj hormones ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau kev nco, kev coj cwj pwm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev xav. Thiab cov no yog cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim hauv qhov siab dua ntawm lub hlwb. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, qhov cuam tshuam endocrine ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau lub xeev ntawm lub paj hlwb. Yeej tsis tuaj yeem muaj kev sib txuas ntawm lawv.
Hais txog cov txheej txheem tswj hwm
Lawv lub hauv paus yog qhov tseeb ntawm kev sib txuam ntawm cov qog endocrine thiab lub paj hlwb. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog dab tsi? Kev sib cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg, lawv tsim cov kab ke neuroendocrine, kev ua haujlwm uas yog tso tawm cov tshuaj hormones thiab neurotransmitters.
Qhov tseeb, lawv tsim nyob qhov twg? Hormones - nyob rau hauv cov qog endocrine. Hauv cov ntaub so ntswg, hauv lwm lo lus. Lawv cov ducts ua rau cov lymphatic lossis circulatory system.
Neurotransmitters yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub neural lub cev los yog nyob rau hauv lub paj hlwb. Lawv sau nyob rau hauv synaptic vesicles. Cov no yog cov ntsiab lus yooj yim, xws li ntim hauv cytoplasm, txoj kab uas hla tsuas yog 50 nm. Interestingly, txhua lub vesicle muaj txog 3000 tus neeg nruab nrab molecules.
Kev zais cia tshwm sim li cas?
Vim peb tab tom tham txog cov kab mob neuroendocrine, cov lus nug no yuav tsum tau teb. Thaum lub cev nyob rau hauv so, spontaneous secretion ntawm cov tshuaj hormones tshwm sim thiabneurotransmitters. Lawv raug tsim nyob rau hauv qee feem thiab nrog qee zaus.
Thaum lub suab tsis zoo ntawm cov hlab ntsha tawg, tag nrho nws cov ntsiab lus raug tso tawm rau hauv synapse - ib feem ntawm cov neurotransmitter quanta.
Nws tsim nyog hais tias cov tshuaj hormones-peptide thiab catecholamines kuj tau tsim hauv cov ntshav hauv feem. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv, zoo li neurotransmitters, yog secreted los ntawm lub khoob ntawm vesicles. Yog hais tias lub cev so, ces qhov no tshwm sim nrog ib tug tsawg zaus thiab spontaneously.
Tab sis qhov nrawm tuaj yeem nce ntxiv vim qhov kev tswj hwm lub teeb liab uas muaj kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov qog endocrine. Yog li ntawd, ntau cov tshuaj hormones thiab neurotransmitters raug tsim. Cov nyhuv inhibitory, nyob rau hauv lem, yog vim qhov tsawg zaus ntawm lawv tso tawm.
Secretion ntawm steroid hormones
Nyob rau hauv txuas ntxiv ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kab mob neuroendocrine, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo mloog rau lub ncauj lus no. Steroid hormones, tsis zoo li cov protein-peptide thiab catecholamines, tsis sib sau ua ke hauv cov qauv ntawm tes. Lawv dhau los ntawm cov plasma daim nyias nyias, thiab ua tsaug rau lawv cov lipophilicity.
Dab tsi, yog li, yog txoj cai ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov qog, qhov twg cov tshuaj hormones raug tsim, txo rau? Kom ceev thiab qeeb lawv cov synthesis.
Yuav ua li cas txog yam uas cuam tshuam thiab txhawb nqa kev zais cia? Lawv, ntsig txog, ua kom nrawm lossis qeeb, suav nrog kev tsim cov tshuaj hormones lom neeg. Lub luag haujlwm nolub neuroendocrine system plays los ntawm cov tswv yim mechanism.
Hormonal effect
Lub sijhawm thaum nws tshwm sim yog txiav txim los ntawm kev tuaj txog ntawm lub teeb liab mus rau ib lub qog endocrine tshwj xeeb. Yuav muaj zog npaum li cas ntawm cov tshuaj hormones? Nws nyob ntawm lub teeb liab zog.
Hauv qee kis, kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub caj pas yog tswj hwm los ntawm lub substrate, uas qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov tshuaj hormones yog qhia.
Muaj ib qho piv txwv uas nkag siab meej: cov piam thaj cuam tshuam rau kev tso tawm ntawm insulin, thiab nws, dhau los, txo nws cov concentration, vim tias nws yooj yim dua thauj mus rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg. Cov kab hauv qab yog dab tsi? Cov nyhuv stimulating ntawm qab zib ntawm lub txiav yog tshem tawm.
Ib yam nkaus li, los ntawm txoj kev, calcitonin thiab parathyrin tau zais cia.
Txoj kev ua kom homeostasis
Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob neuroendocrine. Lub physiology ntawm tib neeg lub cev yog xws li tias nws tsis tuaj yeem nyob tsis muaj kev tswj hwm tus kheej. Lub kaw lus qhib yuav tsum tswj qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm nws lub xeev sab hauv. Thiab rau qhov no, kev sib koom ua ke tau ua tiav, txhawm rau tswj kom muaj kev sib npaug sib npaug.
Qhov no yog homeostasis - tswj qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm ib puag ncig sab hauv. Thiab cov kev cai uas tau piav yav dhau los, uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tawm tswv yim, yog qhov zoo heev hauv kev tswj xyuas qhov "kev ruaj ntseg".
Tau kawg, txoj haujlwm ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cev tsis tuaj yeem daws tau li no. Piv txwv li, glucocorticoids yog tsim los ntawm cortexcov qog adrenal ua cov lus teb rau kev xav arousal, mob thiab tshaib plab. Nws yog qhov laj thawj uas lub cev tuaj yeem teb rau cov kev hloov pauv no (nrog rau qhov tsw, suab thiab lub teeb), yog tias muaj kev sib txuas ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab cov qog endocrine.
Yuav tsum muab piv txwv. Qhov kev sib raug zoo no tau pom meej meej hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm cov hlwb ntawm adrenal medulla, nqa tawm los ntawm cov paj hlwb. Nws yog nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no uas adrenaline thiab norepinephrine raug tsim. Dab tsi activates medulla cells? Yog lawm, cov teeb liab hluav taws xob uas dhau los ntawm kev sib kis ntawm synaptic raws cov paj hlwb. Qhov tshwm sim yog cov synthesis thiab ntxiv tso tawm ntawm catecholamines.
Kawm txog lub tswv yim ntawm cov kab mob neuroendocrine, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias txoj kev piav qhia ntawm kev kaw kev sib txuas tsis suav tias yog txoj cai, tab sis qhov kev zam. Txawm li cas los xij, cov hlwb ntawm medulla tuaj yeem suav tias yog cov ntaub so ntswg degenerated. Thiab cov kev cai no yuav tsum tau pom tias yog kev sib txuas ntawm cov hlab ntsha.
YDiffuse neuroendocrine system
Nws kuj yuav tsum tau hais. Nws muaj ntau lub npe - chromaffin, gastroenteropancreatic, endocrine thiab nephroendocrine system, los yog tsuas yog DES. Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm ntu tshwj xeeb hauv lub cev. Nws yog sawv cev los ntawm cov kab mob endocrine uas tau tawg mus rau hauv lub cev sib txawv.
Lawv ua haujlwm dab tsi? Lawv tsim cov tshuaj hormones glandular (peptides). DES yog qhov txuas loj tshaj plaws hauv tag nrho cov kab mob endocrine. Nws cov hlwb tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tsis yog xwblos ntawm sab nraud, tab sis kuj los ntawm sab hauv. Hauv kev teb, lawv tsim cov tshuaj peptide thiab biogenic amines.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nws cov hlwb zoo ib yam li peptidergic neurons. Tias yog vim li cas yav tom ntej lawv tau pib suav tias yog neuroendocrine. Qhov no, qhov tseeb, yog qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lawv muaj ob qho tib si hauv neurons thiab hauv cov hlwb mast.
DES Composition
Nws kuj yuav tsum tau tham, vim peb tab tom tham txog cov qog ntawm cov kab mob neuroendocrine thiab nws qhov tseem ceeb rau lub cev. DES tsim APUD hlwb - apudocytes uas nqus cov amino acids ua ntej thiab tsim cov peptides qis molecular peptides lossis cov amines nquag los ntawm lawv.
Kev tsim qauv thiab ua haujlwm, lawv muab faib ua ob hom:
- Qhib. Lub apical kawg ntawm cov hlwb ntawm hom no ncav cuag lub bronchial, plab hnyuv thiab plab kab noj hniav. Lawv muaj microvilli uas muaj cov protein receptor tshwj xeeb.
- Kawm. Lawv tsis ncav cuag cov kab noj hniav. Cov hlwb no tsuas yog tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub xeev sab hauv ntawm lub cev.
DES suav nrog atria, thymus (thymus gland), ob lub raum, daim siab, lub paj hlwb thiab lub cev tsis muaj zog, cov ntaub so ntswg cov tshuaj hormones, cov rog rog thiab lub ntsws epithelium.
tiv thaiv lub cev
Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob neuroendocrine. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem saum toj no ua los ntawm nws yog lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv tsim nyog rau kev tshem tawm toxins los ntawm lub cev, kho qhov txhab.thiab tiv thaiv kab mob.
Tom qab tag nrho, tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb uas "tig" tsuas yog thaum tus neeg poob mob. Kev tswj cov chaw cog qoob loo siab dua, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho, lub sijhawm tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv thiab lub zog ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob.
Dab tsi yog qhov neuroendocrine system tau ua nrog nws? Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov excitation ntawm sympathetic qab haus huv zoo cuam tshuam rau txhua yam lus - cov leeg nqaij, qhov chaw ntawm lub hlwb, lub plawv system, lub cev nqaij daim tawv, vascular laus, lub cev kub, tawm hws, siab, ntshav txhaws, thiab lwm yam. siv lawv cov kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kuj tau txhim kho.
Qhov tseeb no, nrog rau ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov ncauj lus no, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua pov thawj tias lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, uas tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm ntau yam teeb meem, ua raws tib txoj cai. Muaj tsuas yog ib qho txheej txheem ntawm neurohumoral mechanisms, thiab lawv tswj nws cov haujlwm. Raws nraim tib yam li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm neuroendocrine system.
