Tib neeg lub cev yog ib txoj hauv kev uas ua haujlwm ntau heev. Cov tshuaj hormones ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub koom haum tsim nyog ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Cov no yog cov catalysts rau cov txheej txheem biochemical uas tsim los ntawm cov qog endocrine. Muaj ntau hom tshuaj hormones, thiab txhua tus muaj cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb.
YKev faib cov tshuaj hormones
Nyob ntawm cov qauv tshuaj, cov tshuaj hormones no raug cais tawm. Cov pab pawg protein-peptide sib txuas cov lus zais ntawm cov qog xws li qog pituitary, hypothalamus, pancreatic thiab parathyroid hormones. Hom no kuj suav nrog calcitonin, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov thyroid caj pas. Cov pab pawg thib ob suav nrog derivatives ntawm cov amino acids (norepinephrine thiab adrenaline, thyroxine, thiab lwm yam). Kuj tseem muaj steroid hom tshuaj hormones. Lawv yog synthesized tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub gonads, nrog rau cov qog adrenal (estrogen, progesterone). Cov tshuaj hormones ntawm thawj ob pawg yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau cov txheej txheem metabolic hauv peb lub cev. Steroid hormones tswjkev loj hlob ntawm lub cev thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev yug me nyuam. Nyob ntawm txoj kev ntawm cov teeb liab kis tau tus mob los ntawm qhov zais cia rau lub hlwb, lipophilic thiab hydrophilic cov tshuaj hormones txawv. Lub qub tau yooj yim nkag mus rau lub cell membrane rau hauv nws cov nucleus. Lub tom kawg khi rau receptors nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov txheej txheem, yog li ua rau lub synthesis ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua messenger molecules. Nws yog tus yam ntxwv uas cov tshuaj hormones hydrophilic thauj nrog cov ntshav, thaum cov lipophilic khi rau nws cov proteins thiab yog li thauj.
Human endocrine system
Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm tag nrho cov qog thiab cov kabmob hauv tib neeg lub cev uas zais cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb lom neeg - cov tshuaj hormones. Cov kab mob endocrine yog lub luag haujlwm rau ntau cov txheej txheem, thaum ua kom muaj kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev. Nws tswj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, ua kom muaj zog, cuam tshuam rau lub xeev kev xav ntawm tus neeg. Cov kab mob endocrine suav nrog cov thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, pituitary thiab pineal qog, qog adrenal, hypothalamus. Nws kuj suav nrog cov kabmob xws li cov noob qes thiab zes qe menyuam. Tag nrho cov tshuaj hormones nkag ncaj qha rau hauv cov ntshav los yog lymph. Txhua qhov cuam tshuam hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm tib neeg cov kab ke endocrine tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kab mob loj (mob ntshav qab zib mellitus, cov txheej txheem neoplastic, rog rog, hyper- thiab hypothyroidism).
Cov ntaub so ntswg hormones, lawv hom thiab kev ua haujlwm
Hom tshuaj hormones no yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub cev thiab lawv qhov kev ua haujlwm feem ntau yog hauv zos. Qee zaum cov tshuaj hormones no tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha. Histamine yog ib yam khoom uas uaLub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsis haum tshuaj. Hauv lub xeev nquag, nws ua rau vasodilation, nce lawv cov permeability. Tsis tas li ntawd, histamine txhawb nqa cov leeg nqaij ntawm txoj hnyuv, tuaj yeem ua rau spasms hauv bronchi. Serotonin muaj cov nyhuv hauv qab no: cov hlab ntsha nqaim, lawv cov permeability txo. Nws tseem hu ua cov tshuaj hormones ntawm kev zoo siab. Yog tias nws cov khoom lag luam zoo li qub, tus neeg muaj lub siab zoo, nws xav tias muaj zog. Ob leeg histamine thiab serotonin nquag koom nrog hauv kev sib kis ntawm impulses mus rau lub hlwb. Kinins yog lwm cov ntaub so ntswg hormone. Lawv hom thiab kev ua haujlwm yog raws li hauv qab no. Nanopeptide, kallidin, T-kinin, bradykinin (txo cov ntshav siab) - tag nrho cov ntawm lawv, nkag mus rau hauv cov ntshav, ua rau cov tsos mob ntawm tus txheej txheem inflammatory. Cov tshuaj hormones no koom nrog hauv kev tswj cov ntshav ncig. Lwm pawg ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ua rau lub cev muaj zog yog prostaglandins. Lawv ua rau cov nqaij ntshiv ntawm lub cev, txo cov kua dej hauv plab. Cov khoom xws li kalons tswj kev faib cell. Lwm hom tshuaj hormones yog gastrin, secretin.
Cov thyroid caj pas. Hom tshuaj hormones thiab lawv txoj haujlwm
Lub cev no muaj lub cev zoo li npauj npaim thiab nyob hauv caj dab (pem hauv ntej). Nws qhov hnyav kuj me me - txog 20 grams. Kev tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib deev (kev ua me nyuam), plab zom mov, cov txheej txheem metabolic, tswj hwm lub xeev kev xav-kev xav - tag nrho cov no yog tswj hwm los ntawm cov thyroid hormones. Lawv hom yog raws li nram no. Thyroxine, triiodothyronine yog cov secrets tseem ceeb heev rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv. Txhawm rau kom lawv tsim tau, kev noj zaub mov txaus ntawm iodine yog tsim nyog. UaCov tshuaj hormones no zoo sib xws, tab sis triiodothyronine muaj zog dua. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov tshuaj no koom nrog hauv lub zog metabolic txheej txheem. Lawv kuj cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub plawv cov leeg, cov hnyuv, thiab hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj hormones no koom nrog hauv kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov kabmob, kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam yaus. Calcitonin yog lub luag haujlwm rau qib calcium hauv cov ntshav, thiab tseem koom nrog hauv dej thiab electrolyte metabolism. Kev tsim cov thyroid hormones tsis txaus ua rau tib neeg qaug zog sai, qaug zog, tag nrho cov txheej txheem metabolic qeeb. Yog tias lawv raug tsim tawm ntau dhau, tom qab ntawd kev ua haujlwm ntau dhau thiab ua kom muaj zog tuaj yeem pom.
Kev tshuaj ntsuam rau cov tshuaj hormones tsim los ntawm cov thyroid caj pas
Yog tias ib tus neeg muaj kev hloov pauv xws li qhov hnyav nce (qhov hnyav nce sai lossis poob), teeb meem nrog kev sib deev muaj siab, tsis ua raws li kev coj khaub ncaws, kev loj hlob qeeb (kev puas siab puas ntsws) hauv cov menyuam yaus, tom qab ntawd kuaj ntshav rau cov tshuaj hormones tsim los ntawm cov thyroid. caj pas yog yuav tsum tau. Yuav kom dhau nws, koj yuav tsum npaj rau hauv txoj kev tshwj xeeb. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj los txwv txhua yam kev ua si ntawm lub cev ua ntej ntawm qhov kev xeem. Nws tseem tsim nyog tsis suav nrog cawv, kas fes, haus luam yeeb (tsawg kawg ib hnub ua ntej). Kev kuaj ntshav tshwm sim thaum sawv ntxov ntawm lub plab khoob. Cov thyroid hormones tuaj yeem ua tau ob qho tib si hauv kev khi thiab hauv lub xeev dawb. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm kev tshawb fawb, tus nqi ntawm dawb thyroxine, dawb triiodothyronine, thyrotropin, raws li zoo raws li cov theem ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin, yog txiav txim. Raws li txoj cai, txoj kev kawm yuav siv ib qhohnub. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig tau txais, ib tus tuaj yeem hais txog tus kab mob tshwj xeeb.
Lub caj pas parathyroid thiab nws cov lus zais
Nyob rau sab nraum qab ntawm cov thyroid caj pas yog cov qog me me, uas tseem hu ua parathyroid. Lawv ncaj qha koom nrog kev sib pauv ntawm calcium thiab phosphorus hauv lub cev. Nyob ntawm tus yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug neeg, lub caj pas yuav ua tau ib tug mesh hom, alveolar los yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug nruam loj. Nws synthesizes parathyroid hormone, uas, zoo li calcitonin, koom nrog hauv calcium metabolism. Nws tseem cuam tshuam rau lub cev pob txha, cov hnyuv, raum. Yog tias kev tsim cov tshuaj hormones parathyroid yog qhov tsis zoo, ces kev puas siab puas ntsws, teeb meem pob txha, calcification ntawm lub cev thiab cov hlab ntsha. Nrog hypoparateriosis, cov leeg mob tshwm sim, lub plawv dhia nrawm, thiab mob taub hau tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Yog tias cov tsos mob no tshwm sim, yuav tsum tau kuaj ntshav rau cov tshuaj hormones parathyroid. Lawv cov ntsiab lus siab nce qib calcium hauv cov ntshav, thiab vim li ntawd, ua rau cov pob txha nkig.
Cov tshuaj hormones tsim los ntawm cov qog adrenal
Cov qog adrenal yog cov khoom nruab nrog cev nyob rau saum lub raum. Cov hom tshuaj hormones thiab lawv lub luag haujlwm yog raws li hauv qab no. Lub cortical txheej ntawm cov qog ua cov tshuaj uas tswj kev sib pauv ntawm cov as-ham thiab minerals. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj hormones ntawm hom no tswj cov qib qabzib. Lub adrenal medulla synthesizes adrenaline thiab norepinephrine. Feem ntau lawv tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm muaj zog ntawm kev xav (kev ntshai, kev phom sij). Thaum cov tshuaj hormonesnkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, ntshav siab nce, lub plawv dhia ceev, lub excitability ntawm lub receptors ntawm lub cev ntawm lub zeem muag thiab hnov lus nce. Yog li, lub cev npaj rau qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom dhau qhov xwm txheej ntxhov siab. Cov qog adrenal tsim cov tshuaj hormones glucocorticoid (cortisol) uas tswj cov carbohydrate metabolism. Lawv qhov concentration nyob ntawm lub sijhawm nruab hnub: qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cortisol tau pom thaum sawv ntxov txog 6 teev sawv ntxov. Mineralocorticoid cov tshuaj hormones (aldosterone) tswj cov ntsev metabolism. Ua tsaug rau lawv, cov kua dej yog khaws cia hauv lub cev. Cov qog adrenal kuj tso cov androgens xws li androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DEA). Lawv tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov qog sebaceous, tsim libido. Hauv kev kuaj ntshav rau cov tshuaj hormones adrenal, qib ntawm DEA raug kuaj. Nws cov ntsiab lus siab yuav qhia tau tias muaj cov qog ntawm cov qog. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov ntau dhau ntawm cov tshuaj no ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim loj heev thaum cev xeeb tub (kev nchuav menyuam, kev noj zaub mov tsis txaus ntawm tus menyuam, teeb meem nrog lub plab). Yog tias muaj kev tsis txaus siab ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov plaub hau, ua ntej puberty, kev coj khaub ncaws tsis zoo, cov leeg tsis muaj zog - yuav tsum tau kuaj ntshav rau cortisol.
Pancreas. Hom tshuaj hormones thiab lawv txoj haujlwm
Dhau li ntawm qhov tseeb tias pancreas koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev zom zaub mov, nws tseem tsim cov tshuaj hormones uas tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv nkag ncaj qha rau hauv tib neeg cov ntshav. Lub cev no tsim cov tshuaj hormones: insulin, c-peptide, glucagon. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm insulin yog tswj cov qibSahara. Yog tias cov txheej txheem ntawm nws cov synthesis cuam tshuam, kev txhim kho ntawm ntshav qab zib mellitus yog ua tau. Insulin tseem cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov tshuaj nquag hauv plab hnyuv, kev tsim cov tshuaj estrogen. Nws tuaj yeem pom hauv lub cev hauv daim ntawv dawb thiab khi. Yog tias cov tshuaj insulin tsis txaus, cov txheej txheem hloov cov piam thaj mus rau hauv cov rog thiab glycogen cuam tshuam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, co toxins (piv txwv li, acetone) tuaj yeem tsim hauv lub cev. Glucagon tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau peb lub cev. Nws qhib cov txheej txheem ntawm kev faib cov rog, nce qib ntawm cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav. Nws kuj txo cov calcium, phosphorus hauv cov ntshav. Hom kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj hormones pancreatic yog sib cuam tshuam. Lawv cov kev sib xyaw ua ke ua kom pom cov qib qabzib zoo.
YPituitary hormone ua haujlwm
Lub caj pas pituitary yog ib lub qog endocrine, uas muaj cov kab mob sab hauv thiab tom qab, nrog rau thaj tsam me me ntawm lawv. Lub cev hnyav no tsuas yog 0.5 grams, tab sis nws ua haujlwm tseem ceeb heev. Lub caj pas pituitary synthesizes hom tib neeg cov tshuaj hormones hauv qab no. Adrenocorticotropic hormone nkoos adrenal cortex. Nws kuj cuam tshuam qhov tsim ntawm melanin. Luteinizing Hormone cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev xeeb tub. Ua tsaug rau nws, ovulation yog stimulated, androgens yog tsim. Thyrotropic hormone tswj kev tso tawm ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov thyroid caj pas. Somatotropin siv ib feem tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev thiab protein synthesis. Nws tseem tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau qib qabzib, lipid tawg. Cov tshuaj no yog lub luag haujlwm rau qhov qublub cev kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Kev nce qib hauv nws qib ua rau gigantism. Yog tias somatotropin qis dua li qub (hauv cov menyuam yaus), tom qab ntawd pom qhov qis qis. Los ntawm txoj kev, ntau hom kev loj hlob hormone (synthetic) yog siv nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus tawm tsam dwarfism, kom nce qhov hnyav hauv cov neeg ncaws pob. Prolactin yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov mis nyuj hauv cov poj niam. Tsis tas li ntawd, vim nws cov khoom tsim tawm thaum pub niam mis, kev xeeb tub tom ntej tsis tshwm sim. Melanotropin yog tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab lobe. Lub lobe tom qab tsim cov hom tib neeg cov tshuaj hormones xws li oxytocin, vasopressin. Thawj pab txhawb rau qhov contraction ntawm lub tsev menyuam, colostrum yog tsim. Vasopressin txhawb nqa cov leeg nqaij ntawm lub cev xws li cov hnyuv, tsev menyuam, thiab cov hlab ntsha.
sex glands
Lub zes qe menyuam thiab qe qe tsim cov tshuaj hormones kev sib deev. Lawv hom yog raws li nram no. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, lawv muab faib ua poj niam thiab txiv neej. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv me me lawv tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv kev sib deev. Hom txiv neej cov tshuaj hormones: testosterone, androsterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenediol. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muab kev loj hlob ntawm ob qho tib si thawj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib deev thiab cov theem nrab. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias lawv qib tsis zam qhov kev hloov pauv no piv rau cov poj niam secrets. Ua tsaug rau Testosterone, cov kua dej seminal yog tsim, attraction rau cov opposite pw ua niam txiv yog stimulated. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov nqaij ntshiv, pob txha pob txha loj hlob nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tshwj xeeb, ib tug yam ntxwv txiv neej lub suab timbre tshwm. Lwm hom steroid hormones (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, dihydrotestosterone) muab cov txiv neej tus cwj pwm, nrog rauyam ntxwv tsos: lub cev plaub hau nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw, lub cev qauv. Cov poj niam cov tshuaj hormones yog: progesterone, estrogen, prolactin (tsim los ntawm pituitary caj pas). Progesterone yog tsim los ntawm corpus luteum. Cov qog no yog tsim tom qab ovulation. Nws ua cov haujlwm hauv qab no: txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm lub tsev menyuam, muab lub sijhawm rau lub qe (fertilized) kom kho tau hauv nws cov kab noj hniav. Progesterone npaj ib tug poj niam rau cev xeeb tub, thiab tseem txhawb nqa tus menyuam. Yog tias tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj hormones tsis txaus, ces kev coj khaub ncaws yuav raug cuam tshuam, los ntshav tuaj yeem ua tau. Cov qib qis ntawm progesterone tseem cuam tshuam rau lub siab lub ntsws: raws li txoj cai, tus poj niam raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev hloov pauv sai. Ib qib siab ntawm cov tshuaj hormones yuav qhia tau hais tias cev xeeb tub lossis qog nqaij hlav. Estrogens yog cov tshuaj hormones tshwj xeeb hauv cov poj niam. Cov no muaj xws li estradiol, estrone, estriol. Cov tshuaj no yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tsim cov poj niam hom ntawm daim duab, nce lub suab thiab elasticity ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj hormones ntawm hom no pab txhawb kev coj khaub ncaws. Lawv kuj tiv thaiv cov hlab ntsha los ntawm kev sib sau ntawm lipid plaques, txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov pob txha, thiab khaws cov calcium thiab phosphorus hauv nws. Yog tias cov tshuaj estrogen tsis txaus, muaj txiv neej hom plaub hau loj hlob, daim tawv nqaij muaj hnub nyoog dhau los, qhov hnyav dhau los ua rau hauv plab, lub duav, cov pob txha tawg yooj yim dua.
kuaj ntshav rau cov tshuaj hormones deev
Hom kev kuaj rau cov tshuaj hormones suav nrog kev kawm txog ntshav rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib deev secrets hauv nws. Lawv tsa nwsYog hais tias muaj xws li kev ua txhaum cai: teeb meem ntawm kev coj khaub ncaws, tsis muaj peev xwm xeeb tub, nchuav menyuam, thiab lwm yam. Rau cov txiv neej, xws li ib qho kev tsom xam yog qhia nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev xav tias qog cov txheej txheem, infertility. Ntshav yuav tsum pub rau sawv ntxov, ua ntej koj noj tsis tau. Nyob rau yav tsaus ntuj nws yog tsim nyog muab haus luam yeeb thiab cawv, hnyav lub cev exertion. Ib tug poj niam yuav tsum xaiv lub sijhawm zoo los mus kuaj, vim tias qib ntawm cov tshuaj hormones nyob ntawm hnub ntawm kev coj khaub ncaws. Ob peb qhov ntsuas tau raug kawm tib lub sijhawm. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm follicle-stimulating hormone nyob rau hauv tus lej siab tshaj plaws qhia txog qhov pib ntawm ovulation. Hauv cov txiv neej, cov tshuaj no txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov tubules seminiferous thiab cuam tshuam rau cov concentration ntawm testosterone. Thaum kuaj pom muaj menyuam tsis taus, tshwj xeeb yog them rau luteinizing hormone. Nyob rau hauv cov poj niam, nws yog lub luag hauj lwm rau maturation ntawm lub follicle, ovulation, tsim ntawm xws li ib tug caj pas raws li lub corpus luteum. Yog tias nws tsis tuaj yeem xeeb tub, cov cim qhia ntawm follicle-stimulating thiab luteinizing cov tshuaj hormones raug tshuaj xyuas ua ke. Kev kuaj ntshav kuj tseem ua rau pom muaj qee yam ntawm prolactin. Nrog deviations los ntawm tus qauv, qhov pib ntawm ovulation yog nyuaj. Ntshav kuj raug kuaj rau testosterone. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv lub cev nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si poj niam txiv neej. Yog tias nws cov ntsuas qis dua cov qauv hauv cov txiv neej, ces qhov zoo ntawm cov phev deteriorates. Nws kuj cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau potency. Hauv cov poj niam, ntau testosterone tuaj yeem ua rau nchuav menyuam.
