Excretion yog cov txheej txheem uas metabolic pov tseg tawm ntawm lub cev. Hauv cov vertebrates, nws feem ntau yog nqa los ntawm lub ntsws, ob lub raum, thiab tawv nqaij. Cov txheej txheem sib piv nrog kev zais cia, qhov twg cov khoom muaj peev xwm muaj cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb tom qab tawm hauv lub cell. Kev tshem tawm yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv txhua hom kev ua neej. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj, cov zis yog tawm los ntawm lub urethra, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub excretory system. Hauv cov kab mob unicellular, pov tseg yog ejected ncaj qha mus rau ntawm lub cell.
Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tso tawm?
Txhua yam kab mob, los ntawm cov protist me tshaj plaws mus rau cov tsiaj nyeg loj tshaj plaws, yuav tsum tshem nws tus kheej ntawm cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm nws lub neej. Cov txheej txheem no hauv cov tsiaj muaj sia yog hu ua kev tshem tawm, uas tuaj yeem pom tias suav nrog tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntau yam uas lub neej ua pov tseg lossis pov tseg pov tseg, tshuaj lom, thiab lub cev tuag. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab cov qauv tshwj xeeb tsim rau kev pov tseg pov tseg nws txawv heev nyob ntawm qhov loj thiab qhov nyuaj.kab mob.
Terminology
Plaub nqe lus feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem pov tseg thiab feem ntau siv sib hloov, txawm tias tsis yog ib txwm raug: tshem tawm, tso tawm, tso tawm, thiab tso tawm.
Kev tshem tawm yog ib lo lus dav dav hais txog kev sib cais thiab tshem tawm cov khoom pov tseg lossis cov tshuaj lom neeg los ntawm cov hlwb thiab cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag lossis tsiaj.
Kev sib cais, kev loj hlob thiab tshem tawm ntawm qee yam khoom uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tes ntawm ntau cov kab mob hu ua secretion. Txawm hais tias cov tshuaj no yuav yog cov khoom pov tseg ntawm cov cell uas tsim lawv, lawv feem ntau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lwm cov hlwb hauv lub cev. Piv txwv ntawm kev tso tawm yog digestive enzymes tsim los ntawm cov hlwb ntawm cov hnyuv thiab pancreatic cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm vertebrates, cov tshuaj hormones synthesized los ntawm tshwj xeeb glandular hlwb nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu, thiab hws secreted los ntawm glandular hlwb nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij ntawm ib co tsiaj. Secretion implies hais tias secreted chemical compounds yog synthesized los ntawm tshwj xeeb hlwb. Lawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub cev. Yog li ntawd, kev pov tseg ntawm cov pov tseg ib txwm yuav tsum tsis txhob suav hais tias yog secretory.
Kev cais tawm yog kev tshem tawm cov khoom siv tsis siv lossis tsis siv los ntawm lub xovtooj ntawm tes (ob qho tib si hauv cov kab mob unicellular thiab los ntawm txoj hnyuv ntawm cov tsiaj txhu ntau lub cev).
Txuag - Qhov kev tshem tawm no dav dav txhais cov txheej txheem ntawm kev pov tseg pov tseg los ntawm cov txheej txheem nyob hauv txhua theem ntawm qhov nyuaj. Lub sij hawm siv tau sib hloov nrog qhov tseem ceeb.
Cells
Kev ua pa ntawm tes yog thaum muaj ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg tshwm sim hauv lub cev. Lawv hu ua metabolism. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tsim cov khoom pov tseg xws li carbon dioxide, dej, ntsev, urea, thiab uric acid. Kev sib sau ntawm cov khoom pov tseg no dhau ntawm qib hauv lub cev yog teeb meem. Cov kab mob excretory tshem tawm lawv. Excretion yog txheej txheem ntawm tshem tawm cov khoom pov tseg hauv lub cev.
Nyob hauv nroj tsuag
Cov nroj tsuag ntsuab tsim cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab dej ua cov khoom ua pa. Hauv cov nroj tsuag ntsuab, carbon dioxide tso tawm thaum ua pa yog siv thaum lub sij hawm photosynthesis. Cov pa oxygen yog cov khoom lag luam tsim tawm thaum lub sijhawm photosynthesis thiab tawm los ntawm stomata, hauv paus cell phab ntsa, thiab lwm txoj hauv kev. Cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov dej ntau dhau los ntawm kev hloov pauv thiab gutting.
Cov nplooj tau pom tias ua "excretophore" thiab, ntxiv rau ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm photosynthesis, kuj tseem siv los ua txoj hauv kev rau kev tshem tawm cov khoom pov tseg pov tseg los ntawm kev sib kis. Lwm cov khoom pov tseg tawm los ntawm qee cov nroj tsuag (resin, kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, latex, thiab lwm yam) raug yuam tawm hauv cov nroj tsuag los ntawm hydrostatic siab nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab los ntawm lub absorbing rog ntawm cov nroj tsuag hlwb. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum lub sij hawm ua ntej shedding, tus nqi metabolic ntawm nplooj yog siab. Cov nroj tsuag kuj tso ib co pov tseg rau hauv av nyob ib ncig ntawm lawv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, excretion yog ib tug passive txheej txheem, vim nws tsis xav taumuaj zog ntxiv.
Aquatic animal
Cov tsiaj dej hauv dej feem ntau tso cov ammonia ncaj qha rau hauv ib puag ncig, vim tias qhov sib xyaw no muaj cov solubility siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj dej txaus rau dilution. Hauv cov tsiaj txhu hauv av, cov tshuaj ammonia tau hloov mus rau lwm cov khoom siv nitrogenous, vim tias tsis muaj dej hauv ib puag ncig thiab ammonia nws tus kheej yog tshuaj lom.
Birds
Kev tawm hauv cov noog tshwm sim los ntawm cov khib nyiab nitrogenous ntawm uric acid hauv daim ntawv muab tshuaj. Thaum cov txheej txheem no metabolically kim dua, nws tso cai rau kev tuav dej ntau dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yooj yim dua rau khaws cia rau hauv lub qe. Ntau hom noog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov noog hiav txwv, kuj tuaj yeem tawm ntsev los ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav tshwj xeeb, cov kua qaub uas tawm hauv qhov ntswg ntawm cov kab noj hniav.
kab
Nyob hauv kab, Malpighian tubule system yog siv los tshem tawm cov khoom pov tseg hauv metabolic. Metabolic pov tseg diffuses los yog nquag thauj mus rau hauv tubule, uas hloov cov khib nyiab mus rau txoj hnyuv. Metabolic pov tseg yog tom qab ntawd tawm hauv lub cev nrog rau cov quav.
Nyob hauv tsiaj
Hauv cov tsiaj, cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv excretory yog carbon dioxide, ammonia (hauv ammoniotelics), urea (urethotelics), uric acid (uricothelins), guanine (hauv arachnids) thiab creatine. Lub siab thiab lub raum purify cov ntshav ntawm ntau yam tshuaj (piv txwv li, los ntawm lub raum excretion), thiab cov purified tshuaj yog ces tawm ntawm lub cev nrog zis thiab quav.
Dej poob los ntawm kev tso tawm thaum lub sijhawmKev nkag mus ntawm cov dej molecules los ntawm ib daim nyias nyias uas muaj qhov pores loj dhau los nqa cov molecules yog hu ua osmosis, txheej txheem uas tshwm sim spontaneously thiab tsis xav tau lub zog. Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem thim rov qab los ntawm kev siv hydrostatic siab rau cov tshuaj.
theem ntawm hydrostatic siab uas tsis muaj kev txav ntawm cov dej nyob rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia thoob plaws hauv daim nyias nyias yog hu ua osmotic siab ntawm qhov kev daws teeb meem; Qhov ntau dua qhov concentration ntawm yaj molecules, qhov ntau dua osmotic siab thiab ntau dua lub zog yuav tsum tau tshem dej los ntawm kev daws.
