Qhov nrawm ntawm qhov pib ntawm qhov tshwm sim, nrog rau lub sijhawm thiab qhov hnyav ntawm qhov kev txiav txim, nyob ntawm kev siv tshuaj. Pharmacotherapy yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev kho mob. Muaj ntau hom kev kho mob hauv qab no:
- hloov pauv - them rau qhov tsis muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg hauv lub cev ntawm tus neeg;
- pathogenetic - cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem ntawm qhov pib ntawm tus kab mob;
- etiotropic - tshem tawm cov provocateurs ntawm tus kab mob; symptomatic - tsom rau kev tshem tawm cov tsos mob ntawm tus kheej.
Tshuaj yog nkag mus rau hauv lub cev ntawm tus neeg hauv ntau txoj hauv kev.
Txoj cai dav dav rau kev siv tshuaj
Txoj cai siv cov tshuaj yog raws li kev xaiv:
- tus neeg;
- tshuaj;
- doses;
- sijhawm txhaj tshuaj;
- reception method.
Kev qhia tshuaj rau tus neeg mob hauv tsev kho mob yog ua los ntawm tus kws saib xyuas neeg mob. Qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo uas tshwm sim rau cov tshuaj yog nyob ntawm tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus neeg mob thiab qhov rhiab heev ntawm nws lub cev thiab cov ntaub so ntswg.
Muaj qee cov cai rau kev siv, uas, nrog rau qee qhov kev zam, yog tib yam hauv tsev kho mob thiab thaum coj mus tsev. Cia peb xav txog ntau yam ntxiv txog cov txheej txheem rau kev siv tshuaj hauv tsev kho mob. Cov kev ua ntawm tus nais maum yog raws li nram no:
- Muab tshuaj rau cov neeg mob ib txwm ua raws sijhawm.
- Nyeem daim ntawv peb zaug ua ntej muab tshuaj rau tus neeg mob.
- Sau ib daim ntawv thiab keeb kwm ntawm tus kab mob, uas yog, qhia lub sijhawm, hnub tim, lub npe lag luam ntawm cov tshuaj, koob tshuaj, thiab txoj kev tswj hwm.
- Thaum muab tshuaj ntau zaus thaum nruab hnub, nco ntsoov soj ntsuam lub sijhawm.
- Tshuaj kho nrog zaub mov yog muab nrog zaub mov. Ua ntej noj mov - 15 feeb ua ntej noj. Tom qab noj mov - 15 feeb tom qab tus neeg mob tau noj. Ntawm lub plab khoob - yam tsawg kawg 20 thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 60 feeb ua ntej noj tshais. Cov tshuaj tsaug zog tau muab 30 feeb ua ntej yuav mus pw. Infusions, potions, decoctions thiab syrups yog poured rau hauv cov kawm tiav beakers. Tom qab siv, lawv yuav tsum tau disinfected. Cawv extracts thiab tinctures yog ntsuas hauv tee. Rau txhua lub npe ntawm cov tshuaj, ib tug cais pipette yog noj.
Ntau zaus hauv tsev kho mob, cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob nteg tawm ua ntej cov tshuaj uas tsim nyog rau cov neeg mob siv tshuaj kho mob hauv cov tais muab faib ua cov hlwb sib cais, txhua tus muaj tus neeg mob lub xeem, lub npe thiab tus neeg mob, nrog rau chav tsev.. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov kev faib tawm no yoghauv qab no:
- Tsis muaj kev tswj hwm ntawm tus kws kho mob txog kev noj tshuaj los ntawm cov neeg mob. Tej zaum lawv tsis nco qab nqa lawv, pov tseg, thiab lwm yam.
- Lub sijhawm tswj hwm tsis hwm, piv txwv li cov xwm txheej rau kev noj tshuaj tsis tswj - tom qab lossis thaum noj mov, thiab lwm yam.
- Zoo tshwm sim ntawm qhov yuam kev thaum lub sijhawm teeb tsa.
- Tus neeg mob yuav tsis paub tias tshuaj twg nyob hauv lub tais.
Txoj kev siv tshuaj rau menyuam yaus
Kev siv ntau yam tshuaj, raws li cov lus qhia raug cai, raug tso cai los ntawm qee lub hnub nyoog. Yog vim li cas yog tias cov kev tshawb fawb tsim nyog tsis tau ua tiav vim qhov nyuaj ntawm kev sim lawv ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab cov menyuam yug tshiab. Thaum muab tshuaj rau tus menyuam, tus kws kho mob yuav tsum ua tib zoo xav txog lub hnub nyoog, qhov hnyav thiab ntau npaum li cas. Tsis tas li ntawd, noj qee cov tshuaj pom zoo tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim loj. Piv txwv li, kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob hauv thawj lub hlis tom qab yug me nyuam ua rau mob dysbacteriosis, enzyme deficiency, pseudomembranous enterocolitis.
Tshuaj rau kev siv tshuaj kho mob ntawm tsob ntoo keeb kwm yuav tsum tau sau nrog ceev faj, vim tias lawv tuaj yeem ua rau khaus ntawm daim tawv nqaij, thiab nrog kev siv ntev, ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm qib noob. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev ua xua tshwm sim yog suav tias yog cov kev mob tshwm sim feem ntau. Thaum xaiv ib daim ntawv ntau npaum li cas rau cov menyuam yaus, nws yog ntshaw kom coj mus rau hauv tus account lawv nyiam. Cov menyuam yaus cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau muaj qab ntxiagflavoring additives, uas pab txhawb kev noj qab haus huv thiab tsis ua rau muaj kev tsis txaus siab ntawm tus neeg mob me.
Kev siv tshuaj rau cov neeg laus thiab cov laus laus
Cov neeg laus thiab cov hnub nyoog laus laus yuav tsum tau siv cov koob tshuaj tsawg, vim cov neeg mob hauv cov hnub nyoog no feem ntau yuav ntsib kev tsis zoo. Kev kwv yees qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kho mob hauv cov neeg mob no yog qhov nyuaj. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho mob yog txo lossis tshem tawm cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob thiab txhim kho lub neej zoo. Raws li qhov tseeb tias ntau cov kab mob hauv cov neeg laus muaj mob ntev thiab xav tau kev kho tshuaj tas li, lawv yuav tsum tau muab cov tshuaj uas tau pom tias muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab siv tau zoo hauv kev sim tshuaj.
siv tshuaj rau cov poj niam cev xeeb tub
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, ua ntej txiav txim siab ntawm lub sijhawm teem tseg, tus kws kho mob raug coj los ntawm cov cai hauv qab no rau kev siv tshuaj:
- ntsuas qhov kev pheej hmoo thiab txiaj ntsig, piv txwv li cov tshuaj tau sau tseg yog tias qhov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv rau tus niam muaj kev cia siab ntau dua qhov kev pheej hmoo rau tus menyuam hauv plab;
- yog tias muaj qhov ua tau me ntsis, ces tsis txhob noj tshuaj hauv thawj peb lub hlis twg;
- tsis txhob siv tshuaj uas muaj pov thawj qis;
- tsuas yog koob tshuaj yam tsawg kawg nkaus thiab tshuaj ib leeg xwb.
Ntxiv rau, nws yuav tsum ua kom tiav cov xwm txheej hauv qab no - suav nrog lub sijhawm cev xeeb tub, siv cov tshuaj uas tau pom tias muaj kev nyab xeeb thaum lub sijhawm cev xeeb tub, thiab cov txheej txheem metabolic. paub, uas yuav ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus foresee lub tsos ntawm pliajphenomena.
Qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm txoj kev sib txawv ntawm kev tswj hwm tshuaj
Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev siv tshuaj: sab nraud, nkag mus, parenteral. Txhua tus muaj nws qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo.
| Yuav siv li cas | Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws. | Flaws |
| Outdoor | Muaj, yooj yim siv, cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau thaj chaw cuam tshuam | Yuav tsis muaj qhov yuav tsum tau noj kom raug, ua ntej siv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tshuaj xyuas daim tawv nqaij ntawm pob khaus, o, thiab lwm yam. |
| Enteral | Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab nyab xeeb tshaj plaws, kev txiav txim ncaj qha rau ntawm qhov txhab, nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha sai, muaj peev xwm nthuav qhia ntau hom tshuaj, yooj yim siv, tsis tas yuav muaj menyuam tsis taus | Kev nqus tsis tiav thiab qeeb hauv cov plab hnyuv siab raum, kev vam khom ntawm cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm lub hnub nyoog thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm tus neeg lub cev, nrog rau cov kab mob sib xyaw ua ke thiab kev nkag siab ntawm tus kheej, qee qhov tsis ua haujlwm hauv daim siab |
| Parenteral | Muaj tseeb npaum li cas, ua sai sai, qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev saib xyuas xwm txheej ceev, tshem tawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub siab thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm digestive enzymes ntawm cov tshuaj | Kev raug mob rau lub dermis ntawm qhov chaw txhaj tshuaj (hematomas, lub hauv paus capillary ruptures, bruises), kev cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob, ua raws li cov cai tshuaj tua kab mob thiabaseptics |
Kev nkag mus ntawm tshuaj
Hauv qhov no, cov tshuaj tau muab tshuaj:
- Los ntawm lub qhov ncauj yog ib qho yooj yim, yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab ntau txoj hauv kev qhia. Sab hauv, ob qho tib si khoom (capsules, hmoov, ntsiav tshuaj, ntsiav tshuaj) thiab kua (decoctions, syrups, potions, tinctures) noj cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm txoj kev tswj hwm no: cov tshuaj raug rhuav tshem los ntawm txoj hnyuv thiab lub plab, qhov qis nkag mus rau hauv cov ntshav, cov kab mob dyspeptic tuaj yeem tshwm sim, uas tshwm sim los ntawm cem quav, xeev siab, raws plab lossis ntuav ntuav.
- Sublingual (hauv qab tus nplaig) - qee cov ntawv siv tshuaj tau pom zoo kom noj tsuas yog hauv txoj kev no, piv txwv li, "Nitroglycerin", "Glycine".
- Rectally (mus rau hauv lub qhov quav) - cov tshuaj uas siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev no yog absorbed sai sai rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, thaum lub siab bypasses thiab tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm txoj hnyuv enzymes. Tag nrho cov koob tshuaj ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas yog absorbed tag. Cov tshuaj muaj protein ntau, nrog rau cov polysaccharide complexes thiab rog, muaj cov nyhuv hauv zos, vim lawv tsis nkag mus rau phab ntsa ntawm lub qhov quav vim tsis muaj cov enzymes hauv nws. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, suppositories thiab cov kev daws teeb meem yog muab nrog ib tug enema.
Cov neeg mob me feem ntau tsis kam noj cov tshuaj vim qhov tsis hnov tsw tsw thiab tsw thiab nqos nyuaj cuam tshuam nrog qhov loj ntawm cov tshuaj ntsiav thiab cov ntsiav tshuaj.
Kev siv tshuaj sab nraud
Nrog txoj kev nocov tshuaj uas tau muab coj los rau hauv lub zos. Lawv nkag mus rau hauv lub cev ntawm tus neeg los ntawm:
- Mucous membranes - nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, kua (aqueous daws), mos (tswj tswm ciab thiab tshuaj pleev) thiab hmoov cov tshuaj yog siv.
- Dermis - los ntawm kev txhuam, thov ib txheej nyias, siv cov ntaub qhwv. Rau cov hom phiaj no, siv cov ntaub ntawv ua kua, muag muag thiab khoom siv.
- Txoj kev nqus pa yog kev noj tshuaj rau hauv lub cev los ntawm kev nqus pa. Cov tshuaj yog muab los ntawm inhalers, turbohalers, thiab lwm yam.
Kev tswj hwm tshuaj Parenteral
Kev siv tshuaj parenterally txhais tau tias hla lub plab zom mov. Hauv qhov no, cov tshuaj tau muab tshuaj:
- Intramuscular - txoj kev yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab pheej yig tshaj plaws.
- Intradermal - rau kev kuaj mob, piv txwv li, kev xeem Mantoux, nrog rau kev tshuaj loog hauv zos.
- Intraosseously - nrog limb deformities, kub hnyiab, tawg, convulsions, davhlau ya nyob twg tej yam kev mob, impossibility ntawm intravenous tswj, uas yog tsim nyog nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam txoj kev xyaum.
- Subcutaneous - qhia nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tau txais cov txiaj ntsig sai dua qhov kev noj ntawm qhov ncauj, vim tias cov txheej txheem rog subcutaneous, muab cov hlab ntsha zoo, txhawb nqa kev nqus ntawm cov tshuaj.
- Nyob rau hauv cov hlab ntsha lymphatic - txoj kev tswj hwm tshuaj no tiv thaiv cov metabolism sai, vim tias cov tshuaj nquag tsis dhau mus rau lub raum thiab lub siab. Nws yog siv los taw qhia cov tshuaj nquag rau cov cuam tshuamhearth.
- Intravenous - yooj yim rau kev qhia txog cov tshuaj ntim ntau, nrog rau kev kuaj ntshav, tso ntshav.
- Intra-arterial - siv nyob rau hauv lub davhlau ya nyob twg theem, uas yog tshwm sim ntawm kis kab mob, poob siab, asphyxia los yog ntshav poob.
- Nyob rau hauv articular, plab, pleural kab noj hniav, as Well as intracardiac.
Cov ntawv tshuaj
Nyob ntawm txoj kev siv tshuaj los yog daim ntawv thov, cov tshuaj sib txawv: tee, hmoov, ntsiav tshuaj, tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab lwm yam. Raws li lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke, kua (extracts, daws, mucus, decoctions, suspensions, syrups, tinctures), khoom (ntsiav tshuaj, films, capsules, dragees, granules), mos (plasters, tshuaj pleev, suppositories, tshuaj) thiab gaseous (aerosols) cov ntaub ntawv yog qhov txawv.. Nyob ntawm txoj kev ntawm daim ntawv thov, ntau npaum cov ntaub ntawv yog txawv: sab hauv, rau kev txhaj tshuaj thiab sab nraud. Cov tom kawg suav nrog:
- Pastes - muaj cov tshuaj pleev hauv qab (cov roj castor, roj sunflower, txiv duaj roj, anhydrous lanolin, cocoa butter, thiab lwm yam), uas muaj cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntxiv.
- Chaatters - lawv kuj yog hu ua cov kev daws teeb meem uas yuav tsum tau shaken ua ntej siv. Lub ntsiab tivthaiv yog dej. Ntau hom hmoov tshuaj ntxiv rau nws, piv txwv li, hmoov txhuv nplej siab, talc, zinc oxide, uas ua rau tawv nqaij qhuav heev. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj teeb meem zoo li no, cov roj tau nkag rau hauv cov neeg hais lus - txiv ntseej, glycerin lossis vaseline.
- Cov tshuaj los yog tshuaj pleev - lub hauv paus ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no yog dej, uas cov tshuaj nquag tau yaj,nrog sib txawv pharmacological kev ua ub no. Thiab cov kev daws teeb meem tuaj yeem yog cawv los yog xab npum. Lawv yog siv rau compresses, cauterizations, lotions, rubbing, thiab lwm yam.
- hmoov yog cov hmoov av zoo ntawm xeroform, talc, starch, thiab lwm yam.
- Cov tshuaj nplaum yog cov emulsions uas muaj dej hauv cov roj lossis, qhov sib txawv, ntawm cov kua roj hauv dej. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau yam tshuaj ntxiv thiab cov tshuaj tsw qab zoo nkauj tau qhia rau hauv lawv.
- Gels yog colloidal semi-solid suspensions lossis daws.
- Patches - yog cov yas loj ntawm lub substrate, uas tuaj yeem yog daim ntawv, canvas, thiab lwm yam. Nws muaj peev xwm ua kom nruj rau cov dermis, ua rau muaj qee yam cuam tshuam rau nws thiab cov ntaub so ntswg subcutaneous. Patches yog cov progenitors ntawm niaj hnub transdermal therapeutic systems uas thauj cov active tshuaj los ntawm daim tawv nqaij rau systemic cuam tshuam rau tus neeg mob lub cev.
- Ointments - tsis zoo li cov pastes, lawv muaj ntau lub hauv paus thiab cov khoom siv tsawg dua.
- Aerosols lossis tshuaj tsuag yog cov tshuab tawg uas muaj qhov nruab nrab gaseous. Nws tuaj yeem yog los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov pa roj, freon lossis nitrogen. Tag nrho cov aerosols, nyob ntawm seb qhov luaj li cas ntawm lub dispersed theem, muab faib ua low-, medium-, thiab heev dispersed. Kev siv tshuaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no tso cai rau koj los tshuaj tsuag cov tshuaj nquag hauv lub cev ntawm tus kheej.
- Cov kua roj vanish yog cov kua uas, tom qab thov thiab ziab, ua ib zaj duab xis nyias ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Lawv tsuas yog siv rau kev sib sib zog nqus thiab hauv zoscov teebmeem, piv txwv li, ntawm pob tw, ntsia thawv phaj.
Zoo kawg
Cov tshuaj nquag uas siv rau hauv qee yam tshuaj tiv thaiv lossis kho txhua yam kab mob hu ua tshuaj. Thiab xws li lub tswv yim capacious raws li kev ncig ntawm cov tshuaj siv kho mob suav nrog:
- kev tshawb fawb txog kev kho mob thiab kho mob;
- xeev npe;
- production;
- khaws cia;
- vacation;
- kev puas tsuaj;
- application;
- kev tshaj tawm, thiab lwm yam.
Tshuaj muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cev ntawm tus neeg. Ntxiv nrog rau kev kho mob, lawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phiv tshuaj. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis zoo tuaj yeem txo lossis tshem tawm tag nrho los ntawm kev txo cov koob tshuaj lossis txiav tawm tag nrho cov tshuaj.
Kev khaws cia thiab siv tshuaj yog tswj hwm los ntawm qee cov kev cai uas cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob yuav tsum paub.
