Tus txiv neej muaj peev xwm zoo kawg nkaus tsis yog pom lub ntiaj teb no xwb, tab sis kuj xav hnov. Perceiving ib puag ncig qhov chaw nrog sensory systems, nws kawm thiab paub nws nyob rau tib lub sij hawm raws li cov kws tshawb fawb kawm tib neeg txoj kev xav, boundless thiab intangible. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tub qhe ntawm kev tshawb fawb pom ib qho kev piav qhia rau cov kev xav, txheeb txhua yam tawm, txheeb xyuas cov khoom thiab hom, thiab kuj pom qee cov qauv.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws
Ua ntej, xav txog qhov kev xav li cas rau tus neeg. Qhov no feem ntau yog cov txheej txheem psychophysical ntawm kev xav txog qhov ncaj qha ntawm cov khoom thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov khoom ntawm lub siab. Nws yog nrog lawv cov kev pab uas ib tug neeg kawm lub ntiaj teb nyob ib ncig ntawm nws. Nov yog qhov koj tuaj yeem muab lub tswv yim rau cov kev xav, cov qauv uas qhia rau peb yuav ua li cas, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, tus neeg kawm thiab tsim kev sib txuas nrog ib puag ncig.
Analyzer yog ib qho khoom siv anatomical thiab physiological uas tau txais kev cuam tshuam ntawm ib qho stimuli los ntawm lub ntiaj teb sab nraud thiab hloov mus rau hauv kev xav. Nws muaj cov hauv qab no:
- Peripheral seem - receptors.
- Sensitive neural pathways.
- Central paj hlwb.
Tom ntejxav txog hom thiab cov khoom ntawm kev xav.
Tsim kev xav
Nyob ntawm qhov chaw receptors nyob, muaj cov kev xav hauv qab no:
- Interoceptive. Lawv nyob hauv lub cev hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov kabmob thiab ua rau cov kev hloov pauv tshwm sim hauv lawv.
- Exteroceptive. Receptors nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub cev thiab teb rau sab nraud influences.
- Proprioceptive. Receptors muaj nyob rau hauv cov leeg thiab ligaments.
Organic sensations correlates with the objects of the external world. Lawv yog lub hauv paus ntawm volitional impulses, ua rau muaj siab xav thiab muab faib ua hom:
- Olfactory. Cov olfactory receptors zoo siab los ntawm cov tshuaj gaseous.
- Visual. Visual receptors koom nrog.
- Tshuaj. Taste buds yog stimulated los ntawm cov khoom noj tshuaj.
- Auditory. Auditory analyzer receptors qhib.
- Tactile. Tactile receptors zoo siab los ntawm tactile stimulation.
Txoj kev xav
Cov khoom uas muaj nyob hauv qhov kev xav:
- Quality. Nws yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom uas ua rau muaj kev xav. Nov yog ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev xaav.
- Kev siv zog. Nyob ntawm lub zog ntawm qhov stimulus thiab rhiab heev ntawm cov receptors. Qhov zoo thiab siv ntawm cov kev xav tau zoo sib xws.
- sijhawm. Nyob ntawm lub zog thiab kev siv ntawm qhov raug, lub xeev ntawm cov receptors thiab ntev.
- Localization. Txhua qhov kev hnov lus muaj qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov chaw nyob ntawm qhov stimulator.
Tau txiav txim siab txog hom thiab cov khoom ntawm kev xav, cia peb mus rau cov qauv. Dab tsi yog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas uas txiav txim siab kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem hauv cov txheej txheem kev paub thiab kev nkag siab ntawm lub ntiaj teb?
qauv ntawm kev xav
Kev xav tshwm sim tsuas yog thaum lub sijhawm hloov pauv uas tshwm sim hauv cov receptors nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev txav ntawm lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig, lossis kev nkag siab ntawm lawv tus kheej.
Ntau tus qauv ntawm kev xav tuaj yeem txheeb pom:
- Sensitivity thresholds.
- Kev yoog raws.
- Kev sib tham.
- Sensitization.
- Kev sib txawv.
- Synesthesia.
Tam sim no cia peb nyob ntawm lawv txhua tus.
xov xwm
Qhov pib ntawm rhiab heev yog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev siv zog ntawm kev xav thiab lub zog ntawm qhov ua rau khaus. Tsis yog txhua qhov kev txhawb nqa tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev xav, yog li lawv tau muab faib ua ntau hom.
Kev nkag siab qhov pib:
- Txog qhov tseeb. Characterizes rhiab npaum li cas tus analyzer yog. Cov no yog cov kev hloov maj mam uas tshwm sim los ntawm lub zog me tshaj plaws ntawm kev txhawb nqa.
- Upper absolute. Qhov qis dua qhov rhiab heev pib, qhov siab dua. Qhov siab tshaj qhov pib yog lub zog ntawm qhov kev txhawb zog uas qhov kev xav tseem nyob twj ywm.
- Kev ntxub ntxaug kev ntxub ntxaug. Qhov no yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus nce ntawm lub zog ntawm qhov stimulus, uas nyuam qhuav pom qhov sib txawv pom. Piv txwv li, nce lossis txo qhov ntim.
nyob ntawmNyob ntawm seb tus neeg ua haujlwm li cas, nws siv qee qhov kev xav. Qhov kev txhawb nqa lub cev tuaj yeem siab dua lossis qis dua qhov pib ntawm kev xav.
Kev hloov pauv
Kev hloov pauv sawv cev rau kev hloov pauv ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm tus txheej txheem ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau ib qho kev txhawb nqa. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub rhiab heev pib yuav hloov. Cov qauv ntawm cov kev xav tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim yog tsis muaj cov cuab yeej no.
Piv txwv li, peb hloov pauv los ntawm maj mam nkag mus rau hauv dej txias. Los yog peb dhia peb txhais taw, tau siv rau qhov kub ntawm dej.
Qib siab ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv olfactory thiab tactile receptors. Txo ntawm cov receptors ntawm lub suab ntsuas ntsuas.
Kev yoog rau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov nrawm rau txhua tus. Kev hloov kho rau qhov mob tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev tsis zoo, tab sis rau qhov me me nws muaj nyob hauv lub cev.
Cov receptors ntawm qhov pom kev tsom xam yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev yoog rau lub teeb thiab tsaus. Lub teeb adaptation tsis xav tau siab rhiab heev, uas tsis tuaj yeem hais txog kev hloov kho.
Rau kev hloov pauv, qhov piv ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm excitation thiab inhibition nyob rau hauv lub paj hlwb cortex yog ib qho tseem ceeb, qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho cov analyzers nyob. Muaj xws li ib tug tshwm sim raws li successive kev sib nrig sib induction. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias kev hloov pauv tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv txoj kev hloov pauv hloov pauv.
Txoj kev xav thiab kev sib koom ua ke
Yog tias qhov kev xav, lawv qhov kev siv zog thiab kev hloov pauv zoo nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kev xav ua ntej lossis nrog kev txhawb nqa, ces qhov no tuaj yeem hu uaqhov sib txawv ntawm kev xav.
Tom qab haus dej txias, haus dej sov yuav zoo li kub rau peb. Thiab tom qab qaub, NW nyuam qhuav qab zib, qab zib heev. Ib yam li ntawd, ntawm keeb kwm dub, lub teeb zoo li sib dua, thiab tsaus dua ntawm cov dawb.
Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias qhov kev txiav tawm sai sai ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov ua rau khaus khaus tsis ua rau lub sijhawm ncua ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev khaus hauv cov receptors. Yog tias peb nco qab txoj cai ntawm induction, cov txheej txheem ntawm inhibition hauv cov neurons zoo siab tshwm sim dhau sijhawm, maj mam. Txhawm rau kom rov qab tau qhov qub qub ntawm qhov kev xav, ob peb theem ntawm excitation thiab deceleration ntawm induction hloov yuav tsum dhau.
Synesthesia yog thaum, raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm ib qho kev txhawb nqa, muaj kev xav ntawm lwm tus. Yog li, hnov ib lub suab, peb xav txog tej yam duab. Cov kws kos duab tsim cov duab kos los ntawm kev txhais cov suab paj nruag ua xim. Tab sis tsis yog txhua tus neeg muaj peev xwm no. Synesthesia qhia peb tias txhua qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ntawm tib neeg lub cev muaj kev sib cuam tshuam.
Cov khoom thiab cov qauv ntawm cov kev xav tau hais txog qhov kev vam khom thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm stimuli.
Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev hnov qab thiab hnov
Kev nkag siab yuav hloov pauv. Yog li, qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov rhiab heev ntawm qee cov receptors nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm lwm tus yog hu ua kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev xav.
Tsis muaj suab stimuli nce qhov rhiab heev ntawm qhov muag receptors. Thiab nrog kev cuam tshuam muaj zog ntawm cov receptors ntawm auditory analyzer, qhov rhiab heev ntawm qhov muag txo. Tsis muaj zogsaj stimuli nce qhov muag tsis pom kev. Cov tom kawg yog txhim kho nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm qee yam aromas, uas yog, tsw ntxhiab irritants. Nws kuj tseem paub tias nrog mob stimuli, qhov rhiab heev ntawm auditory, tactile, olfactory thiab pom receptors nce.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hnov qab yog qhov nce ntawm qhov rhiab heev los ntawm kev tawm dag zog tsis tu ncua, nrog rau kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntsuas ntsuas.
Nws paub tias nrog tsis hnov lus lossis tsis pom kev, rhiab heev yog them los ntawm exacerbation ntawm lwm yam rhiab heev.
Sensitization muaj peev xwm ua tau hauv qee txoj haujlwm. Kev xav tau tuaj yeem cob qhia.
Yog li, muaj ob txoj hauv kev nkag siab:
- Kev them nyiaj rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg.
- Yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm ib qho haujlwm tshwj xeeb.
Qhov no kuj suav nrog kev ua haujlwm ywj pheej ntawm kev txhim kho kev xav.
Tus qauv ntawm kev xav tsim qhov tsim nyog rau kev nkag siab tag nrho ntawm lub ntiaj teb.
