Cov niam txiv niaj hnub no, thaum piv nrog cov tiam dhau los, muaj ntau yam txiaj ntsig ntawm kev yug me nyuam. Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus me nyuam, nws niam thiab txiv poob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb tshiab, yav tas los tsis paub cov menyuam yaus lub ntiaj teb: cov khoom ua si, txhua yam ntawm cov menyuam yaus cov khoom siv hauv tsev, cov khoom tu, ntau yam kev loj hlob, kev cob qhia … Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm Internet thiab kev sib raug zoo. tes hauj lwm, niam txiv lub qab ntug tau nthuav dav heev, nws tau los mus tshawb nrhiav cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws rau cov menyuam yaus rau nws txoj kev loj hlob noj qab haus huv thiab kev lom zem lom zem.
Tshwj xeeb, hauv kab lus no peb yuav tham txog ib lub ntsiab lus uas muaj ntau cov ntawv luam tawm, txog kev tiv thaiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv rau menyuam yaus. Ntau yam khoom siv tau mob siab rau nws hauv cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm, qee zaum tsis sib xws lossis tsis tseeb, ua rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm niam txiv lub luag haujlwm rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lawv tus menyuam. Kuv tus menyuam puas yuav tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv lossis tsis? Lo lus nug no feem ntau pib txhawj xeeb txawm tias ua ntej yug me nyuam, tau txais ntau yam lus xaiv thiab kev xav ntawm txoj kev, feem ntau ua rau tuag. Peb yuav sim txheeb xyuas kom meejqhov teeb meem no.
Tshuaj tiv thaiv menyuam yaus thiab daim ntawv txhaj tshuaj
Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob) yog kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov kab mob txaus ntshai tshaj plaws thiab kis kab mob (diphtheria, measles, poliomyelitis, mumps, hnoos hawb pob, tetanus, mob ntsws, mob ntsws, mob ntsws, mob siab B, mob khaub thuas., thiab lwm yam..). Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov kev ua txhaum tiag tiag hauv cov tshuaj hauv kev tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov menyuam yaus. Cov kab mob, uas mus txog rau thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem dhau los feem ntau dhau los ua kab lus rau ib tug me nyuam me, niaj hnub no txawm ploj lawm los yog ua mus yam tsis muaj teeb meem hauv cov menyuam yaus uas tau txhaj tshuaj. Kev txhaj tshuaj yog ua raws li lub sij hawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv rau menyuam yaus. Nco ntsoov coj mus rau hauv tus account tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev ntawm txhua tus menyuam.
Daim ntawv qhia hnub yuav tsum txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv rau menyuam yaus hauv tebchaws Russia tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob ntu:
1. Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis ntau tshaj plaws hauv tib neeg cov pej xeem, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov kab mob hnyav nrog cov teeb meem nquag (fluenza, diphtheria, hnoos hawb pob, mob qhua pias, mob qhua pias, kab mob siab B, tetanus, thiab lwm yam).
2. Kev txhaj tshuaj raws li cov kab mob sib kis: kab mob zoonotic (anthrax, brucellosis, thiab lwm yam), kab mob ntawm lub ntuj focal (leptospirosis, zuam-borne encephalitis, thiab lwm yam), txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov neeg uas muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kis kab mob (cholera, typhoid fever, hemophilic kab mob, kab mob siab A.).
Tshuaj tiv thaiv rau menyuam yaus
Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yog lub luag haujlwm thiab tseem ceeb rau cov niam txiv hauvtxhawm rau tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv ntawm koj tus menyuam, yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav, suav nrog txhua tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam. Qhov kev tso cai tshaj plaws ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yog lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv rau menyuam yaus. Nws tau suav sau los ntawm WHO, suav nrog kev loj hlob thiab hnub nyoog ntawm tus menyuam noj qab nyob zoo, tab sis qhov no tsis tau txhais hais tias tag nrho nws cov ntsiab lus thiab cov xwm txheej yuav tsum tau ua nruj me ntsis, tsis txhob saib xyuas qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Ib ob peb txoj cai yooj yim yuav pab niam txiv nrhiav kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv menyuam yaus:
1. Thaum lub sijhawm qhia txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tus menyuam yuav tsum noj qab nyob zoo. Txhua yam, txawm tias mob me, tuaj yeem ua rau hnyav dua yog tias koj tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv nws keeb kwm yav dhau los. Lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob yuav tsum tsis txhob dhau mus, vim tias kev txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob yuav tsum tau siv ntau los ntawm nws. Ua npaws, qhov ntswg, hnoos, qaug zog, cem quav, raws plab, ib qho lus qhia ntawm overt lossis latent malaise yuav tsum raug suav hais tias yog qhov laj thawj loj tsis tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kom txog thaum rov zoo. Nws raug nquahu kom kuaj ntshav thiab zis ua ntej txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob latent.
2. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los txwv qhov kev sib cuag ntawm tus menyuam nrog lwm tus neeg thaum lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj. Lub sijhawm no, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob mus ntsib, mus koom lub tsev kho mob, cov xwm txheej muaj neeg coob coob, nws tseem zoo dua kom tsis txhob muaj cov xwm txheej uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog: ua luam dej hauv pas dej thiab pas dej, ua rau lub hnub ntev, taug kev hauv huab cua hnyav.
3. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ncua kev txhaj tshuaj yog tias tus menyuam thawj zaug muaj lossis ua rau muaj kev tsis haum xeeb. Koj yuav tsum tos kom zam txim, ua raws li tag nrho cov lus pom zoo ntawm cov neeg tuaj koomtus kws kho mob.
4. Nws yog qhov zoo dua rau tshem tawm tus menyuam txoj hnyuv rau hnub uas txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum txwv tus menyuam cov zaub mov noj ib hnub ua ntej txhaj tshuaj thiab ua raws li cov zaub mov no rau 2-3 hnub. Koj yuav tsum tsis txhob noj ntau dhau rau lub sijhawm no, qhia cov khoom noj tshiab rau hauv cov zaub mov, thiab hnub twg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, nws yog qhov zoo dua mus rau nws nrog lub plab khoob. Nws raug nquahu kom pub tus menyuam tsis pub dhau ib teev tom qab txhaj tshuaj. Thaum lub cev tsis tas yuav cuam tshuam los ntawm kev zom cov zaub mov ntau, nws zam kev qhia txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yooj yim dua thiab sai.
5. Tsis muaj tshuaj, suav nrog tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub cev cov lus teb rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
6. Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum tsis txhob ua thaum tshav kub kub, frosts hnyav lossis muaj kab mob sib kis. Lawv tuaj yeem ua rau lub sijhawm tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nws yog qhov zoo dua los tos rau lub sijhawm nyob ntsiag to thiab ruaj khov.
7. Tom qab txhaj tshuaj, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob tawm ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev kho mob tsawg kawg 30 feeb. Tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim muaj zog rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv feem ntau tshwm sim hauv thawj ib nrab teev mus rau ib teev tom qab txhaj tshuaj, yog li nws yog qhov zoo dua tsis txhob khiav deb ntawm chav kho mob, uas muaj tag nrho cov tshuaj tsim nyog rau kev pab thawj zaug.
8. Thawj peb hnub tom qab txhaj tshuaj, koj yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov mob ntawm tus menyuam.
National txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv daim ntawv qhia hnub rau menyuam yaus hauv Russia
Daim ntawv qhia tshuaj tiv thaiv Lavxias suav nrog cov npe ntawm 12 cov tshuaj tiv thaiv siv tawm tsam cov kab mob txaus ntshai tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws. Qhov kev hloov pauv kawg hauv nws tau ua nyob rau xyoo 2015, thaum txhaj tshuaj tiv thaivkab mob pneumococcal.
Rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 1 xyoos, lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws. Tag nrho lwm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv feem ntau yog muab rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 1.5-2 xyoos, tab sis cov ntsiab lus yuav txawv, nyob ntawm tus kheej tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus menyuam txoj kev noj qab haus huv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau muab rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 14 xyoos hauv lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj. Lawv twb tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv lawm.
Cia peb saib ze dua ntawm daim ntawv txhaj tshuaj rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 3 xyoos, tsim los ntawm WHO rau Russia.
tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (siv) yog ib hom kab mob sib kis los ntawm cov kab mob Mycobacterium tuberculosis, feem ntau cuam tshuam rau lub ntsws. Tus kab mob no kis tau, raws li WHO, kwv yees li 2 billion tus neeg, hauv xyoo 2013, 80,000 tus menyuam tuag ntawm 550,000 tus kabmob tuberculosis. Thaum tsis muaj lossis kho tsis raws sijhawm, nws yuav siv lub neej ntawm 2/3 ntawm cov neeg mob. Hauv ib xyoos, tus neeg mob tuaj yeem kis tau 10-15 tus neeg los ntawm ib puag ncig ze, cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob feem ntau raug rau qhov no.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsim los tawm tsam cov kab mob hnyav tshaj plaws hauv cov menyuam mos (tuberculous meningitis, nrog rau cov kab mob sib kis) yog BCG. Nws tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv tus kab mob thawj zaug nrog tuberculosis, nrog rau kev rov ua haujlwm ntawm daim ntawv latent ntawm tuberculosis, tab sis nws tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm nws cov kab mob feem ntau tuag rau cov menyuam yaus.
kab mob siab B
kab mob siab B (HVB) yog tus kab mob kis uas ua rau lub siab ua rau mob hnyav, ua rau muaj mob cirrhosis thiabmob qog noj ntshav. Tus kab mob no ruaj khov nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig, muaj peev xwm ciaj sia mus txog 7 hnub sab nraum lub cev, kis los ntawm tus neeg mob nrog ntshav thiab lwm yam kua dej lom. Ntau tshaj 350 lab tus tib neeg tau mob thoob ntiaj teb, thiab 780,000 tus neeg tuag los ntawm tus kab mob siab B txhua xyoo.
Ua tsaug rau kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, 95% ntawm cov menyuam yaus txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kab mob uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv lawv lub cev los ntawm tus kab mob siab B rau txog 20 xyoo, thiab ntau tus tseem tiv taus nws mus rau lub neej. Hauv tebchaws Russia, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv DTP-HEP B tau siv, nrog rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siab B, Infanrix GEXA, Bubo-M thiab lwm yam.
hnoos hawb pob yog ib yam kab mob sib kis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov menyuam yaus. Nws yog nrog los ntawm tus yam ntxwv convulsive hnoos, mus txog rau ua pa ntes. Feem ntau nyuaj los ntawm pneumonia, convulsions, encephalopathy. Ua ntej lub sijhawm ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, nws tau suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tuag ntawm tus menyuam mos. Yog tias cov menyuam yaus txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv poob mus rau 30%, qhov tshwm sim nce mus rau qhov tseem ceeb dhau los (tus neeg tuag yog kwv yees li 687 txhiab tus neeg hauv ib xyoos).
Cov menyuam yaus txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hnoos hawb pob, thaum sib cuag nrog tus kab mob, tus kab mob no tsis tshwm sim lossis ua rau mob me. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob pertussis feem ntau yog ua ke nrog kab mob diphtheria thiab tetanus toxoids. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob pertussis nyob rau hauv tag nrho-cell (DTP, Bubo-M, Bubo-Kok, thiab lwm yam) thiab acellular daim ntawv (Pentaxim, Infanrix, Tetraxim, thiab lwm yam). Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tag nrhocov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob pertussis ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov menyuam yaus ntau dua li cov khoom siv hauv lub cev. Rau cov menyuam yaus uas muaj lub cev tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob thiab ua rau tsis zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob pertussis, txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv ADS-M (nws muaj kab mob diphtheria thiab tetanus toxoids, tsis muaj kab mob pertussis), tab sis tom qab ntawd tus menyuam tseem raug rau tus kab mob no.
Diphtheria yog kab mob kis los ntawm Loeffler's bacillus uas cuam tshuam rau oropharynx, bronchi, tawv nqaij, thiab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lwm yam kabmob. Nws yog qhov txaus ntshai vim tias tus kab mob diphtheria bacillus zais cov tshuaj lom lom heev uas cuam tshuam rau cov hlab plawv, paj hlwb thiab excretory systems. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kab mob tuaj yeem, yog tias lub oropharynx raug cuam tshuam, provoke croup, feem ntau xaus rau hauv kev tuag los ntawm suffocation. Txoj kev kis tus kab mob diphtheria: hauv huab cua, tiv tauj-tsev neeg.
Kab mob hawb pob thoob plaws keeb kwm yog qhov ua rau menyuam yaus tuag, nrog rau kev tuag ntawm 50-60%. Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, kab mob diphtheria tau ua tiav nws lub luag haujlwm tsis zoo: tam sim no nws tshwm sim hauv 0.01 tus neeg mob ntawm 100,000 tus neeg nyob hauv Russia.
Daim ntawv qhia tshuaj tiv thaiv lub tebchaws rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua ib xyoos thiab laus dua los tiv thaiv kab mob diphtheria muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua ke DTP, Bubo-Kok, Bubo-M, Infanrix, Tetraxim, Pentaxim, thiab lwm yam; Toxoids AD-M, ADS-M, ADS.
Tetanus
Tetanus yog ib yam kab mob loj heev uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev kis mob ntawm qhov txhab, kub hnyiab, frostbiteib qho kev ua txhaum ntawm kev ncaj ncees ntawm daim tawv nqaij los ntawm cov kab mob bacillus Clostridium tetani. Tus kab mob provokes convulsive contractions ntawm cov nqaij ntshiv ntawm tag nrho lub cev, khoov lawv nyob rau hauv cov feem ntau txawv txawv cov ntaub ntawv, convulsions yuav kav mus li, ua rau muaj ntau yam teeb meem tiv thaiv lawv keeb kwm: sepsis, pneumonia, myocardial infarction, fractures ntawm cov pob txha, qaum, ruptures ntawm cov leeg, leeg, thrombosis, thiab lwm yam.
Tus neeg tuag los ntawm tus kab mob tetanus yog siab heev, me ntsis tsawg dua los ntawm rabies thiab tus kab mob ntsws, vim tias vim muaj mob hnyav heev nws nyuaj rau kho. Tetanus yooj yim dua los tiv thaiv dua li kev kho mob, yog li lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv rau menyuam yaus txij li peb lub hlis pom zoo DTP, ATP, ADS-M, Bubo-KOK, Bubo-M, Pentaxim, Tetraxim, Infanrix txhaj tshuaj.
kab mob pneumococcal
Kab mob kis los ntawm Streptococcus pneumoniae (70% ntawm mob ntsws, 25% ntawm otitis media, li 5-15% ntawm meningitis, 3% ntawm endocarditis, thiab lwm yam) muaj kev tuag siab rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 5 xyoos. hnub nyoog (txog 40%) thiab sawv cev rau qhov teeb meem loj hauv kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Nws suav hais tias yog qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws ntawm kev kis kab mob uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv tau los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Txoj kev ntawm kev sib kis yog dav hlau.
Hauv tebchaws Russia, txij li xyoo 2015, lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 1 xyoos muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv "Prevenar-13", "Synflorix", rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 2 xyoos "Pneumo-23".
Measles yog ib yam kab mob sib kis loj heev (mus txog10 0%) kev sib kis thiab kev tuag siab ntawm cov menyuam yaus (ua ntej tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob qhua pias hu ua infantile plague). Nws yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm catarrhal phenomena, pob liab liab thiab teeb meem nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm mob ntsws, cerebral edema, raws plab loj thiab lub cev qhuav dej, otitis media. Nws kis tau ntau zaus los ntawm cov tee hauv huab cua, nrog rau kev sib cuag hauv tsev.
Daim ntawv txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua ib xyoos pom zoo txhaj tshuaj rau npe hauv tebchaws Russia: qhov no yog tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob orean kab lis kev cai, kab mob qog-measles kab lis kev cai nyob (divaccin), Priorix, M-M-R II MMR II (nyob).
Mumps
Mumps (mumps) yog ib yam kab mob sib kis uas cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev (pancreas, zes qe menyuam thiab noob qes, qog qaub ncaug) thiab hauv nruab nrab paj hlwb. Txoj kev kis tus kab mob parotitis yog huab cua.
Tus kab mob no txaus ntshai rau nws cov teeb meem: infertility, cerebral edema, encephalitis, tsis hnov lus. Txawm hais tias kev tuag tsawg heev, tuaj yeem tsim teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv tseem ceeb rau yav tom ntej.
Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 1 xyoos, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob qog noj ntshav, kab mob qog-measles divaccine thiab mumps-measles rubella trivaccine tau muab rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob qog noj ntshav.
YRubella
Rubella yog ib yam kab mob sib kis uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev mob me me hauv cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus, tab sis ua rau muaj kab mob hauv plab loj heev thaum cev xeeb tub, mus txog rau nchuav menyuam lossis yug menyuam. Kis los ntawm cov tee dej.
txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv Rubella yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb rau cov ntxhais thiab cov poj niam vim tias nws yog tsim los rautiv thaiv lawv tus menyuam hauv plab thaum cev xeeb tub. Kev txhaj tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj txog li 1 xyoos: MMR (measles-mumps-rubella), Priorix.
Polio
Polio yog ib yam kab mob hnyav uas ua rau tib neeg lub paj hlwb puas tsuaj thiab tuaj yeem ua rau tuag tes tuag taw hauv lub sijhawm luv tshaj plaws. Nrog tuag tes tuag taw ntawm cov leeg ua pa, kev tuag tshwm sim. Txoj kev ntawm kev sib kis feem ntau yog fecal-qhov ncauj lossis tiv tauj-tsev neeg.
Daim ntawv qhia tshuaj tiv thaiv Lavxias uas yuav tsum tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv rau menyuam yaus txij li xyoo 2016 pom zoo siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob polio (IPV), uas yog siv ob qho tib si raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ib leeg thiab ua ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua ke Pentaxim, Tetraxim, Infanrix Hexa, Infanrix Penta.
Cov npe saum toj no suav nrog cov kab mob uas tam sim no suav nrog hauv Cov Txheej Txheem Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Hauv Tebchaws Russia raws li qhov yuav tsum tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Vim tias qhov dav dav ntawm cov pej xeem los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, qhov tshwm sim loj thiab kev tuag siab los ntawm cov kab mob no ntawm cov menyuam yaus raug txo kom tsawg. Raws li qhov kev thov ntawm cov niam txiv, cov tsev kho mob tuaj yeem txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv menyuam yaus tiv thaiv kab mob xws li rotovirus, kab mob meningococcal, mob npaws, kab mob siab A, kab mob hemophilic, thiab lwm yam. Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias daim ntawv qhia hnub lub teb chaws yuav tsum tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv qee yam ntawm cov kab mob no.
