Gram-positive thiab Gram-negative bacteria

Cov txheej txheem:

Gram-positive thiab Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-positive thiab Gram-negative bacteria

Video: Gram-positive thiab Gram-negative bacteria

Video: Gram-positive thiab Gram-negative bacteria
Video: qhia txog kev ua neeb thiab npau suav 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Lub ntiaj teb cov kab mob muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab nplua nuj heev. Lawv pom nyob txhua qhov chaw: hauv huab cua, av, ntawm tib neeg daim tawv nqaij, ntawm nws cov mucous membranes. Hauv qee qhov xwm txheej, cov kab mob ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg, ua rau muaj mob hnyav. Qee tus ntawm lawv tau yooj yim kho nrog tshuaj tua kab mob lossis txawm tias siv tshuaj tua kab mob, thaum lwm tus yog qhov nyuaj dua kom tshem tawm. Yog li ntawd, thaum ua kev kuaj mob, nrog rau thaum muab tshuaj kho, cov kab mob gram-positive thiab gram-negative raug cais tawm. Txoj kev faib cov kab mob no tau npaj rov qab rau xyoo 19th, tab sis tseem siv niaj hnub no.

Ntiaj teb cov kab mob

Lub nceeg vaj ntawm cov kab mob muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab nyuaj uas txawm tias niaj hnub kev tshawb fawb tseem tsis tau tshawb pom nws. Muaj cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias thiab tsis tuag txawm tias lub sijhawm kub kub, thaum lwm tus neeg tuag ntawm qhov hloov me ntsis ntawm qhov kub thiab txias los yog muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm ib puag ncig sab nraud, piv txwv li, tom qab ntxiv cov suab thaj zoo tib yam. Qee cov kab mobvam meej hauv cov dej kub, kua qaub, methane lossis lwm yam tshuaj.

Cov kab mob yog cov kab mob qub tshaj plaws thiab muaj thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Lawv pom nyob txhua qhov chaw: hauv qab dej hiav txwv, hauv huab cua, hauv av - txawm nyob hauv qhov tob tob, hauv lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj txhu. Ntxiv mus, kev tshawb fawb tau ua pov thawj tias cov kab mob hlwb hauv ib tus neeg muaj 10 npaug ntau dua li lawv tus kheej. Qee cov kab mob tsuas yog nyob ib sab ntawm lwm yam muaj sia, thaum lwm tus muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog lawv. Lawv tuaj yeem ua tau zoo lossis ua rau muaj ntau yam kab mob. Ntxiv mus, muaj ntau ntau zaus ntau cov kab mob uas muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li cov kab mob.

Ntau yam kab mob muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Piv txwv li, cov neeg uas nyob hauv tib neeg txoj hnyuv tau koom nrog hauv kev zom zaub mov thiab tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev kis kab mob. Cov no yog lactobacilli thiab bifidobacteria. Txog 40 lab hom kab mob nyob hauv tib neeg lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav, tab sis tsuas yog 5% ntawm lawv yog cov kab mob. Muaj cov kab mob microorganisms uas koom nrog hauv decomposition ntawm pov tseg. Tab sis, txawm hais tias tseem muaj cov kab mob uas muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua, lawv cov kab mob pathogenic ua rau muaj kev phom sij ntau, vim lawv ua rau muaj kab mob txaus ntshai. Txog tam sim no, ntau tus neeg thoob ntiaj teb tau tuag los ntawm tuberculosis, kab mob cholera, tetanus, typhoid fever, botulism thiab lwm yam kab mob. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum paub yuav ua li cas thiaj li cuam tshuam nrog lub ntiaj teb cov kab mob.

Gram-negative kab mob
Gram-negative kab mob

Gram method

Tus txiv neej tau nrhiav txoj hauv kev los kho cov kab mob sib kis tau ntev. Thaum muaj cov kab mob pathogenic tau raug tshawb pom, cov kws tshawb fawb sim cais lawv kom paub seb yuav ua li cas nrog lawv. Txoj kev zoo tshaj plaws tau npaj rau xyoo 1884 los ntawm tus kws kho mob Hans Christian Gram. Nws yog qhov yooj yim heev, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv thiab tseem siv niaj hnub no. Txoj kev no txawv ntawm Gram-positive thiab Gram-negative bacteria.

Dr. Gram tau siv cov xim liab doog los kawm txog cov kab mob thiab pom tias qee qhov ntawm lawv tsis muaj stains, thaum lwm tus tsis yog. Nws pom tias qhov no yog vim lub peculiarities ntawm lub cell phab ntsa ntawm cov kab mob. Txij li cov kab mob no muaj ib, tsawg dua ob lub hlwb, nws tseem ceeb heev rau lawv kom muaj lub plhaub muaj zog. Yog li ntawd, lawv cov phab ntsa ntawm tes muaj ib tug complex qauv. Lawv tiv thaiv ib puag ncig sab hauv los ntawm kev nkag mus ntawm cov kua. Cov qauv ntawm cov kab mob gram-tsis zoo yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws. Lawv tiv taus cov qaub ncaug, kua txiv kab ntxwv thiab lwm yam kua.

Lub ntsiab ntawm txoj kev Gram yog qhov ntsuas nruab nrab yog kho nrog aniline dye, tsau nrog iodine, thiab tom qab ntawd ntxuav nrog cawv. Hauv qhov no, cov kab mob gram-tsis zoo ua tsis muaj xim, thiab cov kab mob gram-zoo tau txais xim xiav. Tom qab rov kho dua nrog cov xim liab, cov tsiaj tsis zoo tuaj yeem hloov xim liab, nrog cov kab mob tuag taus staining brighter.

gram positive thiab gram negative bacteria
gram positive thiab gram negative bacteria

Kev siv txoj hauv kev tshuaj

Txoj kev Gram cais cov kab mob mus rau hauv cov kab mob Gram-positive thiab Gram-negative tau pab txhim kho kev tshawb fawb microbiological. Nws pab txheeb xyuas qhov tsis kam ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic rau cov tshuaj, tsim cov tshuaj tua kab mob tshiab los tawm tsam lawv. Tom qab tag nrho, muaj zog cellularphab ntsa ntawm cov kab mob gram-tsis zoo ua rau lawv tsis hnov tsw rau cov pa tshuaj tua kab mob. Thiab lub plhaub ntawm cov kab mob gram-zoo, txawm tias tuab heev, yog permeable rau cov kua thiab tshuaj tua kab mob.

Gram-positive thiab Gram-negative bacteria

Gram txoj kev ua rau nws muaj peev xwm faib tag nrho cov kab mob mus rau hauv ob pawg loj. Lawv cov yam ntxwv thiab cov yam ntxwv pab xaiv txoj kev kho mob zoo dua rau cov kab mob sib kis. Gram-zoo kab mob, uas sai sai tig xiav nrog aniline dye, tsim spores, exotoxins, thiab yog li ntawd yog heev txaus ntshai rau kev noj qab haus huv. Tab sis lawv lub plhaub yog permeable rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob.

Zoo li gram-positive, gram-negative kab mob yog cov kab mob ua rau mob hnyav. Lawv tsis tsim spores, thiab nyob rau hauv ntau rooj plaub yog opportunistic pathogens. Tab sis nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, lawv pib secrete endotoxins thiab ua rau mob hnyav thiab intoxication. Vim lub complex qauv ntawm phab ntsa ntawm tes, lawv yuav luag insensitive rau tshuaj tua kab mob.

Tib neeg lub cev muaj ob hom kab mob no. Qhov tseeb piv ntawm cov kab mob gram-positive thiab gram-negative tswj cov microflora ntawm qhov chaw mos, cov hnyuv, thiab qhov ncauj kab noj hniav. Qhov no pab tiv thaiv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.

Piv txwv ntawm gram-positive gram-negative kab mob
Piv txwv ntawm gram-positive gram-negative kab mob

Gram-positive flora

Feem ntau cov kab mob uas tuaj yeem stained nrog violet dye, uas yog, muaj phab ntsa cell permeable, yog qhov txaus ntshai rau tib neeg. Cov no suav nrog streptococci,staphylococci, listeria, bacilli, clostridia, mycobacteria, actinomycetes. Staphylococcus aureus yog qhov txaus ntshai tshwj xeeb, uas cuam tshuam rau lub cev tsis muaj zog thiab tsis muaj kev kho mob sai sai ua rau tus neeg mob tuag. Tab sis lawv kuj suav nrog cov kab mob lactic acid uas muaj txiaj ntsig.

Gram-positive microorganisms kis kab mob ua pa, mob plawv, hlwb, tawv nqaij. Lawv provoke ib tug kab mob purulent nyob rau hauv qhov txhab, ntshav lom.

Gram-negative kab mob
Gram-negative kab mob

kab mob lawv ua

Nws yog kab mob Gram-positive uas ua rau muaj cov kab mob sib kis xws li:

  • tonsillitis, pharyngitis;
  • sinusitis, otitis media;
  • rheumatism;
  • ntshav lom;
  • pneumonia;
  • b hlwb o;
  • anthrax;
  • zaub mov lom;
  • botulism;
  • tetanus;
  • gas gangrene.
gram-positive gram-negative kab mob
gram-positive gram-negative kab mob

Gram-negative bacteria

Cov npe ntawm lawv muaj ntau heev, tab sis ntawm lawv muaj ntau yam uas tsis muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg. Cov no suav nrog feem ntau yog opportunistic pathogens. Raws li ib txwm muaj, lawv nyob hauv tib neeg lub cev yam tsis ua mob rau nws. Feem ntau yog cov kab mob gram-negative hauv qab no. Lawv hom muaj ntau yam:

  • Yproteobacteria;
  • pseudomonas;
  • chlamydia;
  • meningococci;
  • brucella;
  • spirochetes;
  • gonococci;
  • helicobacteria.

Cov kab mob uas tsis muaj xim liab kuj tiv taus cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tshuaj tua kab mob. Yog li ntawd, cov kab mob uas lawv ua tau nyuaj heev.

gram negative bacteria list
gram negative bacteria list

kab mob dab tsi ua rau

Raws li qee yam mob, cov kab mob gram-tsis zoo ua rau mob hnyav. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias lub plhaub complex ntawm cov kab mob no, thaum rhuav tshem, tso tawm ntau cov co toxins, uas, kis los ntawm tib neeg cov hlab ntsha, ua rau mob hnyav heev. Nws hloov tawm hais tias nws tsis yog cov kab mob lawv tus kheej uas yog pathogenic, tab sis cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv cov cell membrane - lipopolysaccharide txheej, uas ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Lawv ua rau mob. Tab sis yog hais tias ib tug neeg txoj kev tiv thaiv yog nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim, nws yuav yooj yim tiv nrog cov kab mob no, thiab nws tsis ntshai kis kab mob.

kab mob Gram-negative muaj xws li cov kab mob gonorrhea, syphilis, meningitis, thiab kab mob ua pa. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov kab mob zoo li no uas ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lub ntsws thiab cov zis, kab mob plab. Gram-negative muaj xws li cov kab mob paub zoo xws li Proteus, Escherichia, Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella. Lawv ua rau salmonellosis, meningitis, typhoid fever, dysentery. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog cov kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob uas ua rau muaj kab mob nosocomial hnyav. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob txawm tias tom qab tshuaj tua kab mob hnyav.

gram-negative kab mob tshuaj tua kab mob
gram-negative kab mob tshuaj tua kab mob

Sivntawm no paub txog kev kho kab mob

Thaum kuaj pom tus kab mob los txiav txim siab txog kev kho mob zoo dua, txoj kev Gram yuav tsum tau siv los txiav txim seb cov kab mob twg ua rau tus kab mob: gram-positive lossis gram-negative kab mob. Cov tshuaj tua kab mob tau sau tseg nyob ntawm qhov no. Tom qab tag nrho, kev xaiv tsis raug ntawm kev kho mob tsuas yog ua rau qhov xwm txheej hnyav dua.

Txhawm rau txiav txim siab tus kab mob, hnoos qeev, tawm ntawm qhov ntswg lossis qhov chaw mos, tshuaj xyuas cov quav, cov kua dej synovial lossis pleural. Cov qauv no raug kuaj xyuas Gram.

Cov kab mob nyuaj tshaj plaws los kho yog cov kab mob Gram-negative. Yeej, lawv raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm ob hom tshuaj tua kab mob lossis cov tshuaj tiam tshiab. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lawv tuaj yeem yog "Ampicillin" lossis "Amoxicillin", "Chloramphenicol", "Streptomycin", nrog rau cov pab pawg ntawm cephalosporins. Lawv tuaj yeem lis cov kab mob sab nraud ntawm cov kab mob no.

Kev paub txog cov qauv ntawm cov kab mob phab ntsa tau txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kho cov kab mob sib kis.

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