Dab tsi yog karyotype thiab genome

Cov txheej txheem:

Dab tsi yog karyotype thiab genome
Dab tsi yog karyotype thiab genome

Video: Dab tsi yog karyotype thiab genome

Video: Dab tsi yog karyotype thiab genome
Video: Mob nrob qaum/ Mob duav yog vim li cas? 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Hnub no, thaum kev tshawb fawb txog kev txiav txim siab ntawm tib neeg genome twb tau ua tiav thiab tsiv mus rau lub dav hlau siv tau, thaum cov tshuaj kuaj pom muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab qhov txawv txav ntawm lub embryo, rau ntau tus neeg zoo tib yam nws tseem tsis paub meej tias karyotype thiab genome yog dab tsi. yog. Hauv kab lus no, peb yuav txhais thiab piav qhia qhov txawv ntawm ob lub tswv yim no.

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm molecular biology

Dab tsi yog genome? Qhov no yog tag nrho cov khoom siv noob caj noob ces - 22 autosomes thiab ib khub ntawm kev sib deev chromosomes nyob rau hauv lub nucleus thiab mitochondrial DNA, uas, raws li Human Genome Project, muaj 3.1 billion lub hauv paus khub (nco - adenine, guanine, cytosine thiab thymine).

karyotype yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog ib pawg ntawm cov yam ntxwv (tus naj npawb, cov duab thiab qhov loj me) ntawm chromosomes uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm txhua hom kab mob lom (hom karyotype) thiab txhua tus neeg (tus kheej karyotype).

qauv thiab kab mob

Tus karyotype, tus qauv uas yog cov hom tshwj xeeb, yog qhov txwv tseem ceeb hauv kev hla kev sib txawv. Piv txwv li, karyotype ntawm koj cov miv hauv tsev yog 38, XY, thiab karyotype ntawm ib tug txiv neej yog 46, XY lossis poj niam yog 46, XX. Thawj tus lej qhiatus naj npawb ntawm khub autosomes (homologous chromosomes), thiab cov ntawv - ntawm kev sib deev chromosomes uas txiav txim siab poj niam txiv neej.

Raws li twb tau hais meej lawm, karyotype ntawm hom kab mob lom Homo sapiens suav nrog 22 khub ntawm chromosomes uas muaj qhov sib xws thiab loj thiab 1 khub ntawm kev sib deev chromosomes (XY - txiv neej, XX - poj niam karyotypes). Ib qho kev sib txawv ntawm tib neeg karyotype ib txwm ua rau ntau yam kev loj hlob tsis zoo thiab feem ntau ua rau tuag taus. Raws li niaj hnub kev txheeb cais, tsuas yog kwv yees li 0.5% ntawm fetuses nrog kev sib txawv ntawm karyotype yog nqa los ntawm cov poj niam mus txog thaum kawg ntawm cev xeeb tub.

Vim li cas thiaj li tshwm sim

Kev cuam tshuam hauv karyotype peb tshuav ntau yam kev ua tsis tiav hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim gametes - qe thiab phev. Gametogenesis yog cov txheej txheem nyuaj, nws yog nyob ntawm ib hom kev faib cell - meiosis. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm gametes, ib tug tsis ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev faib ntawm hereditary khoom tej zaum yuav tshwm sim, thiab tom qab ntawd gametes yuav muaj ib tug txawv txav txheej ntawm chromosomes, uas, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lawv fusion (fertilization), yuav ua rau tsim ib tug zygote. ib qho txawv txav karyotype. Cov kev faib tom qab ntawm cov zygote kis xws li pathology mus rau lub hlwb ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob.

karyotype yog dab tsi
karyotype yog dab tsi

Tus kheej karyotype

karyotyping yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog ib txoj hauv kev rau kev cais thiab staining tus neeg tus chromosomes rau kev tshuaj xyuas tom qab. Txhua lub cell hauv lub cev uas sib faib yog tsim nyog rau cov txheej txheem no. Tom qab tag nrho, cov spiralization ntawm chromosomes, raws li peb pom lawv nyob rau hauv cov duab, tshwm sim nyob rau theem ntawm metaphase ntawm mitosis (yooj yim faib ntawm tes).

Rau tib neeg karyotypingCov hlwb pob txha, cov tawv nqaij fibroblasts lossis cov ntshav leukocytes tuaj yeem siv. Nws yog ntshav rau karyotype uas feem ntau siv vim qhov yooj yim ntawm kev tau txais cov khoom.

Tom qab cov txheej txheem staining, txhua tus tib neeg chromosomes tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas thiab txheeb xyuas, txij li txhua tus chromosome muaj nws tus kheej tus qauv ntawm kab txaij, thiab nws yog lawv uas muab lub tswv yim ntawm kev hloov kho, so thiab tshem tawm (poob) hauv lawv. structure.

tib neeg karyotype
tib neeg karyotype

Chromosome Passport

Kev tshawb fawb ntawm ib tus neeg lub karyotype ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau nws cov caj ces - ntau thiab zoo ntawm chromosomes. Nws yog kev ua txhaum cai hauv karyotype uas feem ntau yog qhov ua rau muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev ua txhaum ntawm kev ua haujlwm fertile, tus menyuam lub hlwb lossis lub hlwb kev loj hlob qeeb, thiab lwm yam pathologies cuam tshuam nrog chromosome teeb.

Qhov feem ntau tsim ua txhaum cai ntawm tus lej ntawm chromosomes hauv karyotype (aneuploidy thiab polyploidy). Cov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws yog Down's syndrome (trisomy 21), Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), Turner's syndrome (monosomy X), thiab Klinefelter's syndrome hauv cov txiv neej (trisomy X).

Cov txheej txheem txawv txav ntawm chromosomes (deletions, duplications, translocations, inversions) feem ntau ua rau ntau yam metabolic pathologies.

karyotype yog dab tsi
karyotype yog dab tsi

Qhov no muab dab tsi rau peb

Peb txhua tus muaj kev tsis txaus ntseeg hauv karyotype, thaum peb tuaj yeem noj qab nyob zoo sab nraud. Tab sis lawv tuaj yeem ua rau infertility, rho menyuam. Ntxiv mus, cov anomalieskaryotype feem ntau ua rau yug me nyuam nrog kev loj hlob tsis zoo nyob rau hauv ib khub niam txiv noj qab haus huv.

Karyotyping ob niam txiv uas tab tom npaj yuav xeeb tub thiab muaj teeb meem kev yug me nyuam pab cov kws pab tswv yim caj ces ntsuam xyuas txoj hauv kev muaj cov xeeb ntxwv noj qab haus huv thiab tsim ib qho kev pab cuam los daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev xeeb tub los yog nchuav menyuam.

tib neeg karyotype
tib neeg karyotype

Cais, nws tsim nyog teev qhov kev kuaj mob ua ntej ntawm tus kab mob karyotype. Hauv qhov no, cov ntshav qaum ntawm tus me nyuam hauv plab yog coj mus rau kev tshuaj ntsuam thiab karyotype raug tshuaj xyuas. Ua li no, qhov txawv txav ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab thaum ntxov ntawm cev xeeb tub tuaj yeem txiav txim siab.

Postnatal (tom qab yug me nyuam) karyotyping yog qhov cuam tshuam rau cov neeg uas muaj teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv loj. Kev loj hlob qeeb, kev puas siab puas ntsws, kev puas siab puas ntsws, kev muaj menyuam tsis taus lossis kev nchuav menyuam rov qab yog txhua qhov laj thawj los nrhiav kev kho mob caj ces.

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