Mob sinusitis: ua rau, tsos mob thiab kev kho mob nta

Cov txheej txheem:

Mob sinusitis: ua rau, tsos mob thiab kev kho mob nta
Mob sinusitis: ua rau, tsos mob thiab kev kho mob nta

Video: Mob sinusitis: ua rau, tsos mob thiab kev kho mob nta

Video: Mob sinusitis: ua rau, tsos mob thiab kev kho mob nta
Video: Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm koj mus txhaj koob tshuaj COVID-19 rau zaum ob (Hmong) 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Cov txheej txheem mob tsis tu ncua tshwm sim hauv maxillary sinuses (sinuses) feem ntau hu ua mob sinusitis. Tus kab mob no cuam tshuam rau lub tuam tsev nyob rau hauv lub thickness ntawm lub puab tsaig sab sauv. Lawv tham txog tus kab mob uas mob ntev heev thaum nws rov tshwm sim ib ntus thiab cuam tshuam rau tus neeg mob txoj kev noj qab haus huv.

Physiology

Tib neeg lub qhov ntswg kab noj hniav yog ib qho nyuaj ntawm cov zais pa paranasal sinuses. Tag nrho lawv nyob hauv cov pob txha cranial nyob ze:

  • paired maxillary;
  • paired frontal (frontal);
  • pair lattice;

Vim qhov ua haujlwm ib txwm ua ntawm txhua qhov sinus, ua kom sov tag nrho, ua kom av noo thiab tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov huab cua nkag mus rau lawv thaum ua pa. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txheej txheem adnexal ntawm lub qhov ntswg yog tsim nyog rau kev tsim suab thiab cais cov qauv ntawm lub ntsej muag pob txha taub hau los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.

mob sinusitis
mob sinusitis

Air-filled maxillary sinusestxo qhov hnyav ntawm cov pob txha cranial thiab ua ib hom kev poob siab absorber, tiv thaiv kev raug mob maxillofacial. Lawv muaj cov qauv tshwj xeeb, uas yog qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau lawv qhov muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev ntawm endogenous thiab exogenous yam.

tus kab mob no yog dab tsi

Kho kho sinusitis ntev, raws li txoj cai, ua tsis tiav. Lub paranasal sinuses tsis zoo rau cov ntshav thiab xyaum tsis tau nkag nrog cov hlab ntsha xaus, uas, nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej, yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem mob hnyav. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qho tsis tuaj yeem suav nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev ntawm cov phab ntsa qis ntawm maxillary sinuses, uas feem ntau cuam tshuam los ntawm tus kab mob - nws yog nyias thiab yooj yim puas. Yog li, piv txwv li, cov txheej txheem kho hniav ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau maxillary sinuses thiab tsim cov txheej txheem ua ntej rau kev txhim kho mob, thiab, tom qab qee lub sijhawm, mob sinusitis.

ICD-10 ("International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related He alth Problems" of the tenth revision) txhais cov cai cais rau tus kab mob no - J32.0. Tsis tas li ntawd, mob sinusitis (sinusitis) muaj ntau yam, txhua tus tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog cov hauv qab no:

  • J32.0 - Mob sinusitis (sinusitis ntawm maxillary sinuses).
  • J32.1 - Mob sinusitis (frontal sinusitis).
  • J32.2 - Chronic ethmoiditis (ethmoid sinusitis).
  • J32.3 - Chronic sphenoidal sinusitis (sphenoiditis).
  • J32.4 - Mob pansinusitis.
  • J32.8 - Lwm yam mob sinusitis. Sinusitis kis mobntau tshaj ib qho sinus, tab sis tsis yog pansinusitis. Rhinosinusitis.
  • J32.9 - Mob sinusitis ntawm unspecified etiology.

Ntawm cov chaw kho mob ntawm qhov mob ntawm txoj hlab pa, feem ntau yog sinusitis ntawm maxillary sinuses. Lawv suav txog ntau dua 70% ntawm kev hu rau cov kws tshaj lij. Otolaryngologists nco ntsoov tias tus kab mob no tau dhau los ua ntau dua ob peb xyoos dhau los. Mob sinusitis tshwm sim rau cov neeg laus thiab menyuam yaus, sib npaug sib npaug ntawm cov poj niam thiab txiv neej.

Ua rau kab mob

Hais txog cov xwm txheej uas ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob xws li mob sinusitis, nws tsim nyog sau cia, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, mob o ntawm maxillary sinuses. Tsawg feem ntau, qhov ua rau ntawm kev hloov mus rau ib daim ntawv ntev yog cov txheej txheem inflammatory tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lwm yam kabmob. Tus kab mob no tau qhib los ntawm lub sijhawm nkag mus rau hauv kab noj hniav ntawm maxillary sinus ntawm pathogenic microflora. Cov kab mob, kab mob thiab protozoa nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov ntswg ntawm ob peb txoj kev:

  • dhau ntawm cov hlab ntsha los ntawm qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev kis kab mob hauv lub cev;
  • ntawm qhov nruab nrab qhov ntswg hla dhau ntawm qhov txuas mus rau hauv kab noj hniav;
  • nyob rau hauv kis kab mob ntawm cov hniav, uas yog nrog los ntawm o;
  • rau kev phais txoj kev kho hniav.
mob sinusitis yuav ua li cas kho tsis tau phais
mob sinusitis yuav ua li cas kho tsis tau phais

Ntxiv rau, daim ntawv mob ntev ntawm sinusitis tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua xua lossis vasomotor rhinitis. Kev hloov pauv los ntawm theem mob mus rau qhov kev ncua sij hawm rov tshwm sim kuj tau yooj yim los ntawm:

  • kho tus kheej tsis paub ntawv, tshuaj kho los ntawm cov kws kho mob tsis muaj peev xwm;
  • qhov tsis xws luag ntawm lub cev thiab cov yam ntxwv, suav nrog qhov nqaim ntawm qhov ntswg qhov ntswg thiab kev sib txuas lus qhib ntawm maxillary sinuses, post-traumatic lossis prenatal flexure ntawm qhov ntswg septum;
  • tsim ntawm polyps thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg fibrocystic uas cuam tshuam lub ntuj tso tawm ntawm mucus;
  • mob ntev ntawm pob ntseg nruab nrab, sab sauv thiab sab ua pa;
  • muaj kev tsom ntsoov rau hauv qhov ncauj;
  • tsis zoo ib puag ncig qhov xwm txheej hauv cheeb tsam ntawm kev nyob ruaj khov.

Kev mob hnyav ntawm cov kab mob sinusitis tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm ntau yam ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam. Feem ntau, relapses ntawm tus kab mob tshwm sim tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm lub cev thaum lub caij txias. General hypothermia, kev ntxhov siab hnyav thiab kev ua si lub cev tuaj yeem ua rau tus kab mob.

Forms of sinusitis

Ntxiv rau qhov kev faib tawm uas txhais los ntawm ICD, mob sinusitis muaj lwm yam typology. Paub qhov txawv ntawm tus kab mob raws li daim ntawv ntawm cov chav kawm. Yog li, sinusitis tuaj yeem ua tau ntau yam:

  • ua xua;
  • odontogenic;
  • hematogenous;
  • rhinogenic;
  • vasomotor;
  • cystic.

Dab tsi ntawm cov kab mob sinusitis ntev thiab qhov mob ntawm qhov mob. Sinusitis yog catarrhal, purulent thiab sib xyaw. Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, peb tab tom tham txog cov exudative daim ntawv (serous los yog mucous paug accumulates nyob rau hauv cov kab noj hniav ntawm lub maxillary sinus), nyob rau hauv lub thib ob - txog stagnation ntawm purulent ntsiab lus, nyob rau hauv lub thib peb - txog pathological purulent-exudative.zais cia hauv cov sinuses. Nyob ntawm sab ntawm qhov txhab, tus kab mob tuaj yeem ua rau sab laug-, sab xis- lossis ob sab.

Cov tsos mob ntawm tus mob chronic sinusitis

Kev kho thiab rov qab los ntawm lub cev tom qab rov ua dua ntawm sinusitis yog raws li cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tawm tsam cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob. Cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob no nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus thiab cov me nyuam txawv ntawm lwm yam kab mob ntawm lub pa system nrog tshwj xeeb nta. Cov neeg mob ceeb toom:

  • xav nro thiab siab nyob rau hauv qhov cuam tshuam qhov ntswg kab noj hniav;
  • subfebrile fever;
  • ua tsis taus pa;
  • noarse or nasal voice;
  • hnoos qhuav;
  • malaise thiab qaug zog.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov tsos mob tseem ceeb ntawm daim ntawv mob ntev ntawm sinusitis yog mob nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub qhov ntswg inflamed (nyob rau sab ntawm lub tis ntawm lub qhov ntswg, nyob rau hauv lub hauv pliaj thiab tus choj ntawm lub qhov ntswg., hauv qab lub qhov muag). Ua ntej, nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no muaj kev tsis xis nyob, ib qho kev xav ntawm sab hauv squeezing thiab bursting, dull aching mob. Tsis xis nyob nce nrog tilting lub taub hau, zom, nias ntawm thaj tsam ntawm maxillary sinuses.

exacerbation ntawm mob sinusitis
exacerbation ntawm mob sinusitis

Nyob rau hauv thawj theem ntawm sinusitis, qhov ntswg tawm muaj ib tug mucous cim. Tom qab qee lub sij hawm, qhov zais cia ua fetid, tau txais cov xim daj-ntsuab. Kev ua pa tsis ua haujlwm tshwm sim vim qhov ua rau qhov mob loj heev tshwm sim los ntawm cov dej tsis txaus ntawm lawv cov ntsiab lus.

Ntxiv rau cov tsos mob no, cov neeg mob feem ntau txhawj xeeb txog kev hnoos qhuav, uas yuav luag ua tsis tautshuaj antitussive tshuaj kho. Ntxiv nrog rau cov cim saum toj no ntawm tus kab mob, cov neeg uas muaj kab mob sinusitis feem ntau yws yws ntawm qaug zog, chim siab, tsis ua haujlwm thiab pw tsaug zog. Cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob no tau tshaj tawm thaum lub sij hawm exacerbation. Hauv cov neeg laus, sinusitis feem ntau yog asymptomatic.

Sinusitis thaum yau

Ntxiv rau cov xwm txheej uas ua rau muaj kev mob hnyav ntawm cov kab mob sinusitis ntev hauv cov neeg laus, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nco ntsoov ntxiv ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob hauv cov menyuam yaus. Feem ntau tus kab mob ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg adenoid hauv nasopharynx, foci ntawm ENT kab mob. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntxov, mob sinusitis tshwm sim raws li kev ywj pheej ntawm pathology, tab sis nws tau ua ke los ntawm ethmoiditis, uas tshwm sim hauv daim ntawv purulent-cystic.

Cov tsos mob ntawm sinusitis nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam yog me me. Clinical manifestations ntawm mob sinusitis yog qhov muag plooj, mob nyob rau hauv lub maxillary sinuses, raws li txoj cai, yog tsis tuaj, serous secretion ntawm lub qhov ntswg tsis hloov nws tus yam ntxwv rau lub sij hawm ntev. Feem ntau, sinusitis yog nrog los ntawm qhov mob nyob rau hauv pob ntseg los ntawm ib sab ntawm lub qhov txhab inflamed, uas yog txuam nrog cov ndlwg ntawm purulent paug nyob rau hauv lub nraub qaum thiab sab phab ntsa ntawm lub larynx, thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm kev koom tes ntawm cov qauv ntawm nruab nrab pob ntseg thiab cov pob ntseg. tsob ntoo ua pa nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem inflammatory nrog rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm otitis media. Muaj tsawg zaus, cov txheej txheem pathological uas tshwm sim hauv qhov ntswg qhov ntswg hauv cov menyuam yaus kis mus rau cov ntaub so ntswg thiab qhov muag, ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm keratitis, conjunctivitis.

Kev phais mob ntev sinusitis
Kev phais mob ntev sinusitis

Vim kev txhaumyog tsim los ntawm lub hnub nyoog ntawm 18-20, nyob rau hauv ib tug me nyuam yaus, lub maxillary maxillary sinuses yog inferior los ntawm ib tug anatomical taw tes ntawm view: lawv yog sawv cev los ntawm ib tug nqaim qhov sib txawv, thiab lawv qab yog nyob rau hauv ntau dua li nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus, vim rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm pob txha taub hau. Vim yog cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb no, kev loj hlob ntawm cov mob sinusitis nyob rau hauv cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua peb xyoos yog yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua.

ntsuas ntsuas

Kev kho mob hauv tsev ntawm tus mob sinusitis yog ua ntej los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev tshawb fawb uas yuav tsum tau ua. Kev kuaj mob ntawm tus kab mob no yog nyob ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kuaj sim thiab ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, coj mus rau hauv tus account:

  • cov ntaub ntawv anamnestic (lub xub ntiag ntawm foci ntawm tus kab mob, qib kev huv ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav, mob sinusitis yav dhau los thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv);
  • kev tshuaj xyuas dav dav (palpation ntawm lub ntsej muag hauv qhov projection ntawm lub qhov ntswg maxillary kab noj hniav, nrhiav pom cov cim ntawm qhov sib cais tsis pub leej twg paub los ntawm qhov mob ntsws ntawm sab nraub qaum ntawm lub larynx);
  • cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kuaj ntshav (kuaj kho mob thiab biochemical) txhawm rau txiav txim siab qib ntawm leukocytes, neutrophils, ESR, ntsuas theem mob hnyav;
  • Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tom qab rhinoscopy - tus txheej txheem uas ua kom pom kev hloov pauv hauv qhov ntswg qhov ntswg, muaj cov kua paug hauv nruab nrab qhov ntswg;
  • radiography ntawm maxillary sinuses (yog tias tsim nyog los kho mob sinusitis nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus, cov kab mob cuam tshuam yuav ua rau qee qhov tsaus ntuj hauv daim duab, thiab hauv qhov xwm txheej hnyav - tsaus nti tag nrho).

Qee zaum cov kws kho mob siv txoj kev tshawb fawb xws li diaphanoscopy. Nws yog siv los translucent lub puab tsaig thiab daim tawv muag qis ntawm ib sab ntawm qhov mob sinus. Yog hais tias tus neeg mob tsis hnov lub teeb nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem, sinusitis yog paub tseeb hais tias. Diagnostic puncture yog siv rau hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas.

Yuav ua li cas kho mob sinusitis

Kev kho tus kab mob no feem ntau yog kev saib xyuas. Cov neeg mob tau txais kev kho mob raws li tus neeg mob sab nraud. Kev mus pw hauv tsev kho mob rau mob sinusitis yog tsawg. Kev kho mob nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm lub ENT department yog pom zoo rau cov neeg mob uas muaj teeb meem o ntawm lub maxillary sinuses. Kev kho mob hauv tsev kho mob yog tsim nyog rau cov neeg mob uas muaj cov tsos mob hnyav heev (mob hnyav, ua pa nyuaj, mob qaug dab peg).

chronic sinusitis mcb 10
chronic sinusitis mcb 10

Txhawm rau kho tus mob sinusitis mus tas li, raws li txoj cai, nws yuav siv sijhawm ntau thiab siv cov tshuaj zoo. Hauv kev kho mob ntawm sinusitis, cov tshuaj ntawm pawg kws tshuaj hauv qab no yog qhov tseem ceeb:

  • Tshuaj tua kab mob. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov kab mob pathogenic microflora uas cuam tshuam rau maxillary sinuses, cov tshuaj tua kab mob yog siv los ntawm ntuj thiab hluavtaws (penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides).
  • NSAIDs. Cov tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm cov tshuaj uas tsis yog-steroidal anti-inflammatory siv tshuaj yog tsim los tiv thaiv kub taub hau thiab muaj ib tug analgesic nyhuv.
  • Antiallergic thiabdesensitizing tshuaj. Teem kom tiv thaiv kev tsis haum tshuaj.
  • tshuaj sedative.
  • Vitamin thiab ntxhia complexes. Lawv raug sau tseg rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua kom lub cev muaj zog thiab ua kom lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.
  • tshuaj mucolytic. Tsim nyog rau expectoration thiab tshem tawm cov hnoos qeev los ntawm txoj hlab pa.
  • Vasoconstrictive nasal drops and sprays.

Ntxiv rau cov tshuaj, txoj kev kho lub cev raug pom zoo rau kev kho mob sinusitis ntev:

  • microwave kho thiab cov txheej txheem electrophoresis;
  • raug rau diadynamic tam sim no, laser;
  • kho mob ultrasonic;
  • daim ntawv thov paraffin;
  • nqus pa;
  • ntxuav lub qhov ntswg ("cuckoo").

Surgery

Thaum tsis muaj cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv, tus kws kho mob tuaj yeem txiav txim siab txog qhov xav tau kev cuam tshuam cuam tshuam rau hauv lub qhov txhab cuam tshuam. Lub puncture yog nqa tawm los ntawm ib tug puncture ntawm lub maxillary sinus nyob rau hauv lub medial phab ntsa. Thaum lub sij hawm manipulation, exudate raug tshem tawm los ntawm maxillary sinus. Txoj kev phais no feem ntau yog tib txoj kev daws teeb meem rau kev mob sinusitis. Kev ua haujlwm tso cai rau koj kom huv si ntxuav cov kab noj hniav nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob, qhia cov tshuaj tua kab mob, cov tshuaj steroids thiab cov enzymes uas nqus thiab nyias cov ntsiab lus purulent txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhav Qee lub sij hawm ib lub catheter raug ntsia rau hauv cov neeg mob kom nrawm khiav tawm ntawm cov lus zais ntawm cov kab noj hniav maxillary.

Kev kho mob ntev sinusitis tom tsevtej yam kev mob
Kev kho mob ntev sinusitis tom tsevtej yam kev mob

Kho mob sinusitis yam tsis tau phais, raws li txoj cai, ua tsis tiav. Cov kab mob hnyav thiab tsis tu ncua ntawm tus kab mob yog qhov qhia ncaj qha rau kev phais qhib ntawm ib lossis ob lub phab ntsa ntawm lub qhov ntswg txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau rov ua kom qhov qub dhau ntawm qhov zais cia ntawm qhov ntswg thiab qhov ntswg. Lub sij hawm ntawm kev kho mob rau ib qho mob ntawm tus kab mob sinusitis feem ntau tsis tshaj 3-4 lub lis piam.

Ib kab mob xws li sinusitis yuav tsum tsis txhob kho me ntsis. Cov teeb meem ntawm kev kho tsis zoo tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kab mob meningitis, hlwb abscess, sepsis. Feem ntau, kev kwv yees rau cov neeg mob uas muaj tus kab mob ib txwm muaj yog qhov zoo.

Kev Tiv Thaiv

Kev kho mob zoo ntawm cov kab mob sinusitis nyob hauv tsev tsis yog tsuas yog tiv thaiv cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob xwb, tab sis kuj tseem ua raws li qee qhov kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv txhawm rau tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob rov ua dua. Thawj qhov uas txhais tau tias yog tswj kev noj qab haus huv txoj kev ua neej, kev ntxiv dag zog rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev noj zaub mov zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhawm rau txo qhov yuav tshwm sim ntawm qhov mob sinusitis ntev yuav pab tau:

  • txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob khaub thuas raws sijhawm;
  • kev kho mob ntawm lub cev;
  • inhibition ntawm foci ntawm qhov mob tam sim tom qab lawv pom;
  • kev kuaj hniav ib xyoos ib zaug thiab kuaj xyuas qhov ncauj huv si;
  • tsis muaj kev sib cuag nrog kev ua xua;
  • kev txhawb nqa rau cov huab cua hauv tsev thiab qhov kub thiab txias;
  • yaug qhov ntswg nrog saline;
  • thim tawm ntawm kis las cuam tshuam nrogtso rau hauv dej, nyob saum roob.
sinusitis mob hauv tsev kho mob
sinusitis mob hauv tsev kho mob

Cov cai no, ntau dua, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob khaub thuas. Hauv cov kab mob sinusitis ntev, lawv txoj kev ua raws li yuav tso cai kom ua tiav qhov kev zam mus ntev, uas, qhov tseeb, yog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho mob. Nrog rau txhua qhov rov qab los tom qab, tus neeg mob qhov mob hnyav zuj zus, tus neeg mob poob lub peev xwm ua pa los ntawm lub qhov ntswg, raug mob taub hau thiab tawm mus tas li. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum paub txog qhov hnyav ntawm cov teeb meem tshwm sim thiab pib kho raws sij hawm.

Yog hais tias qhov mob ntawm sinusitis tshwm sim ntau zaus, koj yuav tsum nrhiav kev pab los ntawm cov kws kho mob uas tsim nyog - tus kws kho mob otolaryngologist thiab tus kws tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.

Pom zoo: