Ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub paj hlwb yog rhiab heev. Lub hlwb xa thiab tau txais impulses los ntawm ib qho kev sib cuag ntawm cov kab mob nrog rau sab nraud ib puag ncig los yog los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua hauj lwm sab hauv ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob. Tag nrho cov kev xav tau raug lees paub los ntawm lub hlwb thiab suav nrog kev paub txog kev xav ntawm tus neeg. Yuav luag txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub cev tuaj yeem pom ntau yam kev khaus. Thiab tactile rhiab heev receptors yog tam sim no tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub superficial khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg - daim tawv nqaij, mucous daim nyias nyias, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv sib sib zog nqus qhov chaw - nqaij, ligaments, pob qij txha, tendons, pob txha.
Keeb kwm ntawm lub tswvyim
Cov cuab yeej ntawm lub paj hlwb kom pom kev cuam tshuam sab nraud thiab sab hauv nrog kev pab los ntawm cov hlwb tshwj xeeb (receptors) thiab teb rau lawv raug xa mus rau lub tswv yim dav dav - rhiab heev. Ntxiv mus, nws yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus txiv neej thiab tsiaj. Nyob rau hauv lem, tactile rhiab heev yog ib yam ntawm susceptibilitydaim tawv nqaij npog. Nws yog interconnected nrog cov kev xav ntawm kov thiab teb rau stimuli, siab, vibration. Tactile receptors yog ib feem ntawm tactile system. Lawv nyob ntawm cov mucous daim nyias nyias thiab qhov chaw ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
Lub tswvyim ntawm "tactile rhiab heev" los ntawm Latin tactilis - tactile, kov, tango - kov, kov - yog hais txog ntau yam kev xav uas tshwm sim tom qab raug rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm ntau yam stimuli (kov, squeezing)., nias, vibration, stroking, pinching, txhaj tshuaj, kov cov khoom, thiab lwm yam).
Qhov tseem ceeb thiab qhov tshwj xeeb
Tshwj xeeb receptor hlwb muaj kev xaiv siab rau ntau yam stimuli. Nrog rau cov hom tseem ceeb: mob, muscular-articular, kub, sab hauv nruab nrog cev, muaj tactile rhiab heev. Tib neeg physiology tso cai rau koj kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev hnov lus receptors uas nyob ntawm daim tawv nqaij, cov leeg, pob qij txha, thiab hauv pob ntseg. Tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub ntiaj teb sab nraud thiab tsim ib lub tswv yim ntawm lub cev txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, nto thiab textures. Lub ntsiab thiab tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntawm tus kheej yog tactile rhiab heev. Nws yog nws uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub cev.
Hauv lus Askiv muaj lub tswv yim zoo sib xws - tactile rhiab heev. Nws kuj ua raws li kev paub txog lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua pov thawj tias qhov kov yog ib qho ntawm thawj qhov kev xav uas tshwm sim hauv lub embryo. Kev loj hlob ntawm tactile rhiab heev plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauvcov me nyuam mos, raws li cov me nyuam uas muaj tactile impairments muaj teeb meem ciaj sia taus txawm muaj peev xwm hnov thiab pom.
Tactile receptors
Lub tswv yim ntawm "receptor" txhais tau hais tias lub cuab yeej ntawm lub paj hlwb, muaj peev xwm pom tau qhov kev ua ntawm stimuli. Tactile rhiab heev yog ua los ntawm ob lub receptor systems:
- encapsulated paj hlwb xaus (Meissner lub cev, Vater-Pacini lub cev, Merkel discs);
- paj hlwb nyob ib ncig ntawm cov hauv paus plaub hau.
Cov no yog cov ntsiab lus rhiab tau faib thoob plaws hauv lub cev nrog ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ceev. Qhov nruab nrab ntsuas - 25 ntsiab lus rau 1 square centimeter. Nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub cev, qhov degree ntawm qhov ntom sib txawv, raws li, qhov ntau dua qhov ntom, qhov siab dua qhov hnyav ntawm susceptibility. Qhov saum npoo ntawm tus nplaig muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev hnov qab, qhov rhiab ntawm lub ntsis ntiv tes tseem hais tau.
Pib hom kev xav
Tom qab raug rau qhov ua rau khaus ntawm cov receptors, ntau hom kev xav tshwm sim:
- Vibration.
- Kov.
- Tickling.
- Pressure.
Feem ntau lawv tau nthuav tawm raws li qib sib txawv ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm tib yam kev cuam tshuam, txij li thaum lawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm deformation ntawm daim tawv nqaij nto nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm mechanical stimuli.
Kev piav qhia ntawm tactile rhiab heev receptors
Peb lub cev yog qhov nthuav heev! RauPiv txwv li, txhua tus receptor yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov lus teb tshwj xeeb rau sab nraud stimuli. Muaj cov paj hlwb encapsulated (them rau sab nraud nrog cov tshuaj ntsiav tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg), lawv suav nrog:
- Meissner lub cev nyob hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Cov no yog cov dawb xaus ntawm cov paj hlwb nyob ze ntawm cov hlab ntsha me tshaj plaws, cov hlab ntsha nyias nyias nyob ib ncig ntawm cov hauv paus plaub hau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas cov plaub hau tam sim no. Tus naj npawb loj tshaj plaws ntawm hom receptors no muaj nyob rau saum npoo ntawm xib teg, ntiv tes, taw, di ncauj ciam teb, thiab tus nplaig taub. Cov receptors no pab kom pom lub ntiaj teb sab nraud.
- Merkel's discs - nyob hauv cov pab pawg me hauv cov txheej sib sib zog nqus ntawm cov epidermis thiab mucosa. Cov receptors no yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev xav ntawm lub siab. Lawv muab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau lub deflection ntawm daim tawv nqaij nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm mechanical stimulation, perceive tactile irritations uas tshwm sim thaum daim tawv nqaij los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov khoom. Taurus nyob rau ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb rhiab heev thiab nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm cov hlab ntsha nyias nyias.
- Lamellar lub cev ntawm Vater-Pacini teb rau kev ua haujlwm vibrational. Lawv pom nyob rau hauv qhov tob txheej ntawm lub dermis, cov ntaub so ntswg adipose, mucous daim nyias nyias, ntawm qhov chaw uas tsis muaj plaub hau. Lawv ua hauj lwm raws li detectors ntawm luv mechanical impacts. Qhov kev xav ntawm kev co tshwm tom qab khaus thiab deformation ntawm ntau lub cev Vater-Pacini.
Unencapsulated hlab ntsha xaus yog nyob rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, uas qhia qhov kev xav ntawm tickling thiab txav ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
Localization ntawm tactile sensations, ntsuas ntawm rhiab heev
Ib tug neeg txiav txim qhov chaw ntawm kev hnov mob lossis lub siab yog qhov tseeb heev. Localization yog tsim nyob rau hauv kev tswj ntawm lwm yam kabmob ntawm lub zeem muag, muscular susceptibility thiab kev tau txais nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev loj hlob.
Tactile rhiab heev nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm daim tawv nqaij yog txawv los ntawm nws sharpness. Daim di ncauj, qhov ntswg, tus nplaig yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua piv rau lwm qhov ntawm lub cev. Kev ntsuas siab yog ntsuas los ntawm Frey esthesiometer. Cov cuab yeej txiav txim siab qhov xav tau los txhawb cov receptors thiab tsim cov kev xav.
Tseem ceeb ntawm qhov chaw
Qee zaum nrog kev kov tam sim ntawm ib zaug mus rau ntau lub ntsiab lus nyob ze rau ib leeg, ib qho tau txais kev xav ntawm ib qho kev sib chwv nkaus xwb. Qhov kev ncua deb tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntsiab lus no, muab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ob peb qhov kov, yog hu ua qhov chaw pib. Nws yog ntsuas siv Weber aesthesiometer, uas zoo ib yam li lub compass nrog ib millimeter scale.
Nyob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub cev, kev xav ntawm kev kov tshwm sim ntawm qhov sib txawv thiab muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov chaw pib. Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntsis ntiv tes, tus nplaig thiab daim di ncauj, qhov siab tshaj plaws qhov tseem ceeb yeej ntawm lub xub pwg nyom, lub duav, nraub qaum. Cov theem pib nyob ntawm qhov kev txiav ntawm cov paj hlwb thiab cov naj npawb ntawm cov tactile receptors nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam muab.
Departments of the tactile analyzer (TA)
Lub luag haujlwm kom paub txog cov teebmeem ntawm daim tawv nqaijreceptors nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub cev thiab mucous daim nyias nyias, thiab daim ntawv TA, muaj ob seem:
- Kev coj - suav nrog kev hnov qab cov paj hlwb los ntawm receptors hauv qaum qaum, pom tubercles thiab lub network ntawm cov neurons uas qhib lub hlwb thiab tswj cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus txha caj qaum.
- Lub paj hlwb ntawm lub ntsuas ntsuas, sawv cev los ntawm lub hauv paus nruab nrab gyrus, qhov twg cov kev xav zoo sib xws tshwm sim.
Ntau yam khoom siv tau siv los kuaj xyuas lub xeev kev noj qab haus huv thiab tactile rhiab heev ntawm tus neeg. Qhov yooj yim tshaj ntawm lawv yog Mochutkovsky taximeter. Nws muaj yim qhov chaw ntawm textures sib txawv, pib los ntawm thawj zaug - zoo kawg nkaus du mus rau yim nrog tob tob. Nrog txo qhov rhiab heev, tus neeg tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv tsuas yog qee qhov ntawm qhov roughest nto los ntawm roughness.
