Kev ua xua yog lub cev cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov khoom muaj feem cuam tshuam los ntawm ib puag ncig. Thaum pom muaj kab tsuag, nws tig rau kev tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm, uas tshwm sim rau lawv tus kheej hauv daim ntawv ntawm qhov ntswg, kua muag lossis pob khaus. Niaj hnub no, kev tsis haum tshuaj muaj kev ntseeg siab yuav luag tag nrho lub ntiaj teb, tsis muaj neeg laus lossis menyuam yaus. Twb tau thawj hnub ntawm lub neej, tus menyuam yuav pom cov tsos mob ntawm tus kabmob. Cov niam txiv tsis tshua nkag siab tias nws txaus ntshai npaum li cas, feem ntau lawv tsis paub qhov twg lawv kho qhov tsis haum rau cov menyuam yaus thiab yuav ua li cas hauv tsev. Yog li, cov kws kho mob qhia: yog tias koj tus menyuam txham, hnoos, khaus lossis ua tsis taus pa, hu rau tus kws kho mob tam sim ntawd - nws yuav xa koj mus rau tus kws kho mob uas tsim nyog rau kev pab kho mob.
hom tsiaj
Yog tus menyuam muaj kev fab tshuaj, yuav kho li cas? Nws yog txaus los pib ntawm ib puag ncig ntawm tus menyuam kom tshem tawm txhua yam khoom uas tuaj yeem ua rau nws. Nyob ntawm seb dab tsi tau los ua qhov pib ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob, lawv paub qhov txawvHom kev ua xua tseem ceeb:
- Khoom noj. Ib qho ntawm feem ntau. Nws feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov menyuam mos. Cov khoom noj muaj teeb meem: zib ntab, citrus txiv hmab txiv ntoo, qe, mis nyuj, txiv lws suav, berries (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog liab), ntses.
- Ua pa. pollen los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj plaub hau, plua plav, fungal spores, thiab thiaj li nyob tas li nyob rau hauv cov huab cua nyob ib ncig ntawm peb. Tsis yog txhua tus menyuam yaus feem ntau tuaj yeem zam cov khoom no, yog li, nqus tau lawv, lawv hnov qhov tsis xis nyob hauv nasopharynx, feem ntau ncav cuag qhov ua tsis taus pa.
- Dusty. Nws yuav tsum tau muab cais cais tawm, vim qhov ua rau tsis yog hmoov av nws tus kheej, tab sis cov kab mob microscopic nyob hauv nws.
- Pollinosis. Kev ua xua rau lub caij paj ntoos.
- tawv nqaij ua xua. Nws manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov pob liab liab thiab pob liab liab. Feem ntau nws yog dermatitis, urticaria, eczema. Ntau subspecies: Quincke's edema, Lyell's syndrome.
- Kab mob ua xua. Nws tshwm sim los ntawm kev tom los yog nqus tau cov khoom pov tseg. Piv txwv li, cov kab laum zoo tib yam feem ntau ua rau mob ntsws asthma.
- Allergy rau tsiaj. Nws yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov ntaub plaub, daim tawv nqaij nplais, qaub ncaug thiab tso zis ntawm peb cov kwv tij me. Feem ntau cov menyuam yaus ua rau miv, dev, noog, nees thiab nas.
Qee zaum, cov menyuam mos tau kuaj pom tias muaj kev fab tshuaj rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab tshuaj. Raws li rau cov tshuaj, kev tsis haum tshuaj feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm penicillin, novocaine, vitamin B, nrog rau ntau yam tshuaj tua kab mob thiab sulfonamides.
Symptoms
Lawv tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv ib qho twglub cev los yog ib txhij nyob rau hauv ob peb. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tsos mob tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm ob peb feeb mus rau peb hnub. Yog tias lawv tsis dhau tam sim ntawd, ces hu rau lub chaw kho mob uas nyob ze tshaj plaws. Nyob ntawd koj yuav tau txais kev kuaj mob kom raug thiab yuav raug qhia kom ntxaws txog qhov ua xua rau tus menyuam, yuav kho li cas thiab tiv thaiv tus menyuam los ntawm kev cuam tshuam sab nraud. Raws li cov tsos mob tseem ceeb, lawv muaj xws li qhov ntswg qhov ntswg, txham, hnoos, qhov muag dej, conjunctivitis, khaus palate, ua tsis taus pa, ua tsis taus pa, mob hawb pob, liab ntawm daim tawv nqaij, pob khaus thiab kua dej.
Txhua yam ntawm cov tsos mob tuaj yeem tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv ntau qib - nws nyob ntawm tus kheej tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus menyuam lub cev. Yog tias qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov kab mob tsis muaj zog, ces koj tuaj yeem pab tus menyuam koj tus kheej. Ua ntej ntawd, ntawm chav kawm, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau paub koj tus kheej kom ntxaws txog yuav ua li cas insidious thiab unpredictable ib qho kev tsis haum rau tus me nyuam, yuav ua li cas kho tus kab mob no nyob rau hauv tsev thiaj li tsis ua mob. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev ua tsis tau zoo, cov teeb meem loj tuaj yeem tshwm sim: mem tes nrawm, tachycardia, hws txias, mob plab, xeev siab, kiv taub hau, convulsions, mob plawv tsis ua hauj lwm thiab anaphylactic shock.
Yog vim li cas
Allergy nyob rau hauv ib tug me nyuam … Yuav ua li cas kho, tshuaj xyuas, pej xeem tshuaj, tshuaj, kev tiv thaiv thiab kev pab thawj zaug - cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tag nrho cov no niaj hnub no yog heev yooj yim mus nrhiav. Yog tias tus menyuam yaus muaj mob, nws yog qhov zoo dua los khaws cov ntaub ntawv kho mob tshiab tshaj plaws thiab ua rau nws ua ib phau ntawv siv. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias lwm cov tswv cuab kuj ua xua.tsev neeg. Tom qab tag nrho, nws tau raug pov thawj tias cov noob yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov pib ntawm tus kab mob: lawv khaws cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm kev ua xua. Yog tias niam lossis txiv muaj ob peb hom kev ua xua ib zaug, ces lub sijhawm ntawm nws qhov tsos ntawm tus menyuam yog 40%. Tib lub sijhawm, nws yuav ua ob npaug yog tias ob leeg niam txiv muaj kev fab tshuaj, thiab tib yam.
Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm ib puag ncig sab nraud. Yog tias koj yog tus hlub ntawm cov tsiaj muaj sia, thiab txawm tias nws nyob ntawm tib lub rooj zaum nrog koj, koj cov xeeb ntxwv yuav ua xua rau cov ntaub plaub. Nws kuj tshwm sim los ntawm huab cua qias neeg: sulfur dioxide thiab ozone muaj nyob hauv nws ua rau mob hawb pob. Los ntawm txoj kev, pwm spores uas ya hauv koj chav tsev feem ntau dhau los ua tus kab mob txaus ntshai no. Raws li rau kab, plua plav mites thiab kab laum yog lub ntsiab nqa ntawm allergens. Hmoov tsis zoo, kev tshem tawm ntawm Prussians liab yog qee zaum kaum zaus nyuaj dua li tshem tawm tus kab mob nws tus kheej. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kab mob tshwm sim vim qhov nqus ntawm cov pa pa, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov roj diesel hauv cov tsheb thauj khoom. Qhov kev xav no tsis ntev los no tau lees paub hauv kev kuaj mob.
Koj ua tau dab tsi?
Yog tias koj tus menyuam muaj kev fab tshuaj, koj tus kws kho mob yuav qhia koj yuav kho li cas. Cov niam txiv yuav tsum ua txhua yam kom tshem tawm tag nrho cov foci ntawm tus kab mob. Ua ntej, coj tus menyuam mus rau qhov chaw kho mob thiab ua qhov kev kuaj tsis haum: nws yog nqa tawm ntawm daim tawv nqaij lossis siv cov ntshav kuaj. Cov ntaub ntawv tau txais yuav pab sau ntawv kho kom raug, uas ua rau muaj feem ntau ntau zaustus neeg mob kho. Qhov thib ob, ua kom huv huv hauv tsev tam sim ntawd. Ib txwm muab cov ntaub pua plag thiab feather txaj, cov khoom ua si mos thiab feather hauv ncoo, xyuas kom tus menyuam ua raws li cov cai ntawm kev nyiam huv. Khaws koj lub qhov rais kaw thaum tsob ntoo tawg paj. Tsis txhob ua tub nkeeg los ntxuav cov ntub dej: cov plua plav mites yuav ploj mus, tus me nyuam yuav ua pa tau yooj yim, thiab qhov no tseem ceeb heev rau kev kho mob ntawm kev ua xua.
Ua raws li cov txheej txheem uas koj tus kws kho mob tau sau tseg. Txhua cov tshuaj thiab tshuaj yuav tsum tau noj raws sijhawm. Yog tias tus menyuam raug pom zoo kom hnav lub npog ntsej muag tshwj xeeb, sim yaum cov xeeb ntxwv kom nws tsis txhob coj nws tawm hauv tsev, tsawg dua ntawm txoj kev. Interestingly, qee zaum qee cov kab mob kis tau los ua qhov ua rau muaj kev tsis haum tshuaj. Yog li ntawd, ntxiv dag zog rau tus menyuam txoj kev tiv thaiv nrog kev pab ntawm physiotherapy ce, txias douches, khoom noj khoom haus thiab kev ua si. Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob khaub thuas yuav yog ib qho kev tiv thaiv ntxiv. Feem ntau thiab los ntawm kev kis tus ntxhiab tsw, kev ua xua tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv tus menyuam. Yuav kho li cas rau qhov no? Sim txo koj tus menyuam txoj kev sib cuag nrog haus luam yeeb, nrog rau cov tshuaj cologne, naj hoom thiab lwm yam tshuaj pleev ib ce, uas feem ntau dhau los ua tus kab mob.
Tshuaj
Cov tshuaj kho mob pab tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob. Siv lawv, koj tuaj yeem tswj cov tsos mob ntawm bronchial hawb pob thiab rhinitis. Tau kawg, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob muaj txiaj ntsig zoo - rau cov menyuam mos lawv tau tsim hauv daim ntawv syrups lossis instant capsules. Piv txwv li, "Fenistil", "Zordak", "Zirtek". Ntau yam tshuaj tsuag qhov ntswg, inhalers kujlos ua koj cov phooj ywg hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Lawv daws tau zoo nrog cov teeb meem ntawm "Avamys" lossis "Nasonex". Nws tshwm sim tias qhov mob ntawm cov mucous membranes dhau los ua qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem mob uas ua rau muaj kev tsis haum rau menyuam yaus. Yuav kho qhov muag li cas? Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau tee los ntawm conjunctivitis: Albucid, Tobrex, Lokferon. Cov tshuaj pleev tshwj xeeb kuj pab tau, uas tau pom zoo kom siv rau ntawm daim tawv muag qis ua ntej yuav mus pw. Piv txwv li, Erythromycin tuaj yeem siv los kho cov menyuam mos.
Ib kab mob uas cuam tshuam rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij yuav tsum tau lubrication tas li ntawm cov kab mob hauv lub cev nrog cov tshuaj pleev tshwj xeeb. Lawv yuav tau ntawm lub tsev muag tshuaj, los yog xaj los ntawm chav kuaj mob. Rau qhov tsawg tshaj plaws, Elidel lossis Advantan yog qhov zoo tagnrho. Txhawm rau txhim kho lub neej ntawm tus menyuam yaus thiab txo cov tsos mob tseem ceeb ntawm bronchial hawb pob, cov tshuaj tiam tshiab tau siv: leukotriene receptor antagonists. Cov no yog cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv chewable, pom zoo tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, tab sis thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no. Cov pab pawg muaj xws li "Zileuton", "Singular", "Akolat". Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, koj yuav tsum sab laj nrog kws kho mob. Qee zaum muaj teeb meem loj heev yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua xua rau tus menyuam. Yuav ua li cas kho sinusitis los yog purulent otitis media uas tau tsim vim muaj mob? Hauv qhov no, kev mus pw hauv tsev kho mob yog qhov tseem ceeb: tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas tas li ntawm cov kws kho mob paub txog thiab nrog kev pab los ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab lwm yam tshuaj muaj zog tuaj yeem rov zoo los ntawm tus kab mob insidious.
Ntiaj teb kev kho mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij allergies
Ntau tus menyuam mos mob khaus khaus. Nws yog characterized los ntawm qhov tsoshlwv, khaus thiab liab. Txhawm rau tshem tawm qhov teeb meem no, koj yuav tsum haus cov kua txiv celery. Nws yog tsim nyog los nyem nws tsuas yog los ntawm ib tug tshiab hauv paus. Noj cov tshuaj ntuj ua ntej noj mov, peb zaug ib hnub, ib nrab ib teaspoon. Yog hais tias tib lub sij hawm tus me nyuam raug mob los ntawm khaus, tshuaj pleev yuav txo nws tus mob.
Yog tus me nyuam muaj kev fab ntawm daim tawv nqaij, yuav kho li cas? Komarovsky, tus kws kho mob paub zoo, pom zoo kom so cov tawv nqaij khaus khaus nrog cawv infusions ntawm calendula, vodka lossis kev daws ntawm ci dej qab zib - ib thiab ib nrab teaspoons ib khob dej. Cov tshuaj no ua rau daim tawv nqaij qhuav thiab txo qhov khaus.
Lwm tus kab mob uas tshwm sim yog kev tsis haum dermatitis. Nws yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug kaj reddening ntawm lub epidermis nrog pronounced edema. Hauv qhov no, npuas kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim uas tawg thiab tawm ntub yaig. Cov tshuaj niaj hnub pom zoo kho dermatitis nrog ib decoction ntawm Oak bark. Koj tuaj yeem ua compress los ntawm nws, uas yuav txo qhov mob thiab txhawb kev kho. Rosehip kuj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov tawv nqaij khaus. So soaked nyob rau hauv txiv hmab txiv ntoo pulp extract yuav tsum tau siv rau mob me ntsis ob peb zaug ib hnub twg.
Kev tsis haum rau menyuam yaus: yuav ua li cas kho eczema?
Tus kab mob no nrog khaus thiab ntau pob pob. Eczema yog ib qho mob ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm daim tawv nqaij, yam ntxwv los ntawm kev kawm ntev thiab tsis tu ncua. Cov kws kho mob hais tias: koj tuaj yeem ua rau cov mob tsis xis nyob nrog kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo cider vinegar los yog cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo tshiab. Yog hais tias tus me nyuam muaj kev tsis haum ntawm daim tawv nqaij, yuav kho li caseczema ntawm tes nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no? Cov tshuaj niaj hnub qhia siv cov zaub qhwv tshiab rau lub hom phiaj no. Peb khi ib nplooj rau ib qho chaw mob thiab taug kev nrog nws ob peb hnub. Tom qab ntawd peb tshem tawm cov ntaub qhwv ntuj, ntxuav lub qhov txhab thiab siv lub tshuab tshiab.
Infusions ntawm cov nroj tsuag qus kuj pab cov neeg mob eczema. Nov yog cov zaub mov txawv rau peb qhov kev sib sau nrov:
- Koj yuav xav tau ob feem ntawm buckthorn hauv paus thiab fennel txiv hmab txiv ntoo, ib qho ntawm cov saib nplooj, dandelion cag thiab chicory. Ncuav plaub tablespoons sib tov nrog ib liter ntawm boiling dej. Ua noj rau ib nrab ib teev ntawm cov cua sov tsawg. Peb hais rau lub teev. Noj 3/4 khob peb zaug ib hnub.
- Peb muab ob feem ntawm txoj hlua, blackcurrant thiab strawberry nplooj, burdock hauv paus, violets ntawm yarrow paj, ib qho - walnut nplooj thiab chicory paus. Txoj kev ua noj yog tib yam. Cia li noj 1/3 khob rau ib hnub ua ntej noj mov.
- Sib tov ob feem ntawm tshuaj ntsuab horsetail, centaury, plantain, St. John's wort, yarrow, wormwood thiab nettle, ib qho - juniper txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab sage nplooj. Ua noj raws li nyob rau hauv thawj daim ntawv qhia. Haus ib nrab khob rau ib hnub ua ntej noj mov.
Thov nco ntsoov, qhov ntau npaum yog qhia rau cov neeg laus! Rau cov menyuam yaus, nws yuav tsum tau hloov kho tus kheej, hauv kev sab laj nrog tus kws kho mob. Txwv tsis pub, koj tuaj yeem ua mob rau tus menyuam noj qab haus huv.
Cov tshuaj zoo li no tsis yog tsuas yog txo cov tsos mob ua xua xwb, tab sis kuj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub plab, lub plawv, ob lub raum, daim siab thiab tus po.
YConjunctivitis thiab rhinosinusitis
Ob leegyog lub ntsiab tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob: ib tug nyiam "riam phom" uas siv, tawm tsam lub cev, ua xua. Hauv tus menyuam yaus, yuav ua li cas kho cov xwm txheej tsis zoo nrog cov tshuaj pej xeem? Conjunctivitis yog ib qho mob ntawm cov mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub qhov muag, nrog los ntawm liab ntawm daim tawv muag, nce lacrimation thiab photophobia. Tus kab mob no hnyav heev thiab yuav tsum tau txais kev kho mob tsim nyog. Raws li rau pej xeem tshuaj, ib decoction ntawm chamomile ua haujlwm zoo rau tus kab mob no. Lawv yuav tsum yaug lawv ob lub qhov muag tsis tu ncua. Nws yog qhov zoo los kho thaj chaw cuam tshuam thaum sawv ntxov nrog kev daws ntawm poov tshuaj permanganate. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov ntaub pua tsev tsis muaj menyuam yog siv rau txhua lub qhov muag kom tsis txhob kis tus kabmob ntawm ib daim tawv muag mus rau lwm qhov.
Allergic rhinosinusitis tseem hu ua hay fever. Cov tsos mob tseem ceeb yog kub hnyiab ntawm lub qhov ntswg, copious tawm ntawm nws, bouts ntawm txham, o ntawm mucous daim nyias nyias. Cov kab mob dav dav, ua npaws, tsaug zog tuaj yeem ua tau. Feem ntau, rhinosinusitis yog ib qho ua ntej rau bronchial hawb pob, thiab yog li ntawd yuav tsum tau kho tam sim ntawd. Cov kws kho mob hais kom sim txo cov tsos mob nrog kev pab los ntawm beets zoo tib yam. Kua txiv los ntawm ib tug boiled zaub los yog tshiab zaub yog instilled rau hauv txhua lub qhov ntswg 5-7 tee peb zaug ib hnub twg. Koj tuaj yeem ntxuav lub qhov ntswg nrog ib decoction ntawm beets, ntxiv ib diav ntawm zib mu rau nws. paj rwb swabs soaked nyob rau hauv cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, uas muab tso rau hauv lub qhov ntswg rau 20 feeb, kuj pab.
Asthma thiab anaphylactic shock
Ib tug me nyuam muaj kev tsis haum: yuav kho li cas? Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov neeg zoo tib yam tau tso rau hauv ntau lub rooj sib tham kho mob qhia tias nws yog qhov txaus ntshai rau kev tso dag nrog tus mob. Tshwj xeebYog hais tias bronchial hawb pob tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nws cov av - ib tug mob inflammatory kab mob ntawm tus kab mob ua pa. Cov tsos mob tseem ceeb yog mob hawb pob. Tus neeg mob thawj zaug hnoos, tom qab ntawd nws ua pa nrov nrov, ua pa luv tshwm, thaum lub ntsej muag tig daj ntseg. Thaum muaj mob hawb pob, nws raug nquahu kom ua pa hla lub lauj kaub uas muaj qos yaj ywm hau hauv lawv cov tawv nqaij. Koj yuav tsum haus dej ntau ntau ntawm cov tshuaj yej los ntawm lingonberries. Tom qab qhov kawg ntawm kev tawm tsam, koj yuav tsum tam sim ntawd mus pw thiab npog koj tus kheej nrog ib daim pam sov. Kev kho mob tincture ntawm 100 ml ntawm cawv thiab 100 g ntawm elderberry kuj pab. Cov khoom xyaw sib xyaw yuav tsum muab cia rau hauv qhov chaw tsaus rau ob peb hnub, ces haus 30 tee peb zaug ib hnub.
Anaphylactic shock yog ib qho kev phom sij txaus ntshai tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua xua. Ib tug neeg tuaj yeem plam tsis nco qab, nws lub siab poob qis, kev nqhis dej pib. Feem ntau qhov no ua rau kev tuag. Feem ntau anaphylactic shock yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev noj tshuaj, txhaj tshuaj. Nws kuj yog tshwm sim los ntawm kab tom, tsawg dua los ntawm cov zaub mov tsis haum. Nyob rau hauv ib qho teeb meem nyuaj, pej xeem txoj kev yuav tsis pab. Txhawm rau cawm ib tug neeg, koj yuav tsum hu lub tsheb thauj neeg mob tam sim!
Lwm
Allergy-induced laryngitis tshwm sim sai, feem ntau yog hmo ntuj. Tus me nyuam ua tsis taus pa, nws hnoos hnoos thiab hais cyanosis ntawm nasolabial daim duab peb sab. Hauv qhov no, haus dej sov yuav pab tau: ib khob mis nyuj, ntxhia lossis dej alkaline. Nws kuj yog qhov zoo rau gargle nrog decoctions ntawm sage thiab chamomile, ua kom sov compresses ntawm caj dab, kub taw.da dej. Nws yuav tsum nkag siab tias nrog cov tsos mob ntawm kev ua pa nyuaj, koj yuav tsum hu lub tsheb thauj neeg mob tam sim ntawd!
Raws li rau tracheobronchitis, kev kho mob saum toj no kuj yuav tsim nyog rau qhov no. Rau cov txheej txheem no, koj tuaj yeem ntxiv rhawv zeb thiab noj ib lub decoction ntawm rosemary qus.
Pom tau tias tus me nyuam muaj qhov ua xua, koj twb paub yuav kho tus kab mob li cas. Yam tsawg kawg, nws yuav tsis yooj yim rau koj kom muaj peev xwm muab kev pabcuam thawj zaug rau tus menyuam mos ua ntej tuaj txog ntawm pab pawg kws kho mob. Kev ua kom raug thiab tam sim ntawd yuav yog tus yuam sij rau kev txhim kho tus neeg mob tus mob, kev kawm sai thiab yooj yim ntawm tus kab mob thiab kev rov zoo sai. Koj tuaj yeem nyob nrog kev ua xua. Qhov tseem ceeb yog mus kom ze rau qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm lub luag haujlwm thiab tiag.
