Txog thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, cov tshuaj tau xyaum tsis tau tsim nyob rau hauv Russia, thiab tsuas yog cov neeg nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawv siab yuav tau txais tsawg kawg ib co kev pab. Tab sis txhua yam pib hloov pauv thaum Zemstvo cov koom haum tshwm sim tom qab 1864.
History of Creation
Hauv xyoo 1581, thawj lub tsev muag tshuaj tau tshwm sim hauv Moscow, uas yog thawj kauj ruam hauv kev txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv. Txawm li cas los xij, kev txhim kho kom raug tsis tau tshwm sim, thiab tsuas yog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, Peter kuv tau ua ntau yam xwm txheej, ua tsaug rau cov tsev kho mob, tsev muag tshuaj, tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab tau pib qhib rau cov kws kho mob yav tom ntej.
Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv Alexander kuv, lawv pib tham txog qhov yuav tsum tau tsim tsev kho mob hauv nroog, tab sis ua ntej koj yuav tsum qhib cov tsev kawm kho mob. Txawm li cas los xij, cov haujlwm zoo li no tsis tau pab kom hloov pauv qhov xwm txheej, thiab tsuas yog 0.5% ntawm cov neeg tuaj yeem tau txais kev kho mob. Muaj ib tus kws kho mob rau 6,000 tus neeg, thiab 1,500 tus neeg nyob hauv ib lub txaj. Txhua yam yuav tau txuas ntxiv zoo li no yog tias zemstvo cov koom haum tsis tau tshwm sim, uas, ntawm lawv tus kheej, tau los uanpaj cov tsev kho mob zemstvo, dispensaries, tsev kho mob maternity, thiab lwm yam.
Zemsky cov tsev haujlwm tau pab los ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm txhua chav kawm txhawm rau txhim kho qhov xwm txheej, thiab hauv txhua lub xeev qhov xwm txheej txawv.
Zemsky kws kho mob
Thaum lub tsev kho mob zemstvo tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo 19th (tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nyob deb nroog), xav tau cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem muab kev pab hauv ntau qhov chaw, txij li mob khaub thuas mus rau mob hnyav.
Tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nyob deb nroog tau tsim thawj zaug ntawm cov kws kho mob hauv nroog thiab nroog, thiab tom qab ntawd cov kws kho mob hluas pib tawm mus rau cov zos. Muaj xws li ib tug portrait ntawm ib tug kws kho mob zemstvo uas muaj siab ncaj ncees thiab ncaj ncees qualities, disinterestedness thiab lub siab xav pab tag nrho cov neeg xav tau kev pab, uas muaj ib tug zoo lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov tshuaj yav tom ntej.
Zemsky tsev kho mob ntawm lub xeev Moscow
Nyob rau xyoo 1869 Zemstvo tshuaj pib tsim hauv lub xeev. Thaum lub rooj sib tham ntawm cov kws kho mob tau muaj nyob rau hauv 1877, ib qhov project tau tsim los faib lub xeev mus rau hauv 6 lub cheeb tsam kho mob, uas yuav tsum muaj tsev kho mob nrog cov neeg ua hauj lwm, txaj, ib tug kws kho mob, ib tug kws kho mob, ib tug midwife.
Ntau tus ntseeg tias lub tsev kho mob zemstvo ntawm lub xeev Moscow yog tus qauv rau lwm lub tsev kho mob hauv lwm qhov chaw. Kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshuaj tau muab faib ua ob lub sijhawm. Thawj zaug, los ntawm 1865 txog 1876, muaj kev nce nrawm ntawm cov nyiaj pab rau cov tsev kho mob, thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tau nce ntxiv. Hauv qhov thib ob, los ntawm 1877 txog 1907, kev txhim kho kev kho mob tau tshwm sim: cov rooj sib tham kho mob tau tuav, tsim cov kws kho mob huv, thiab cov kws kho mob tau qhib.tsev kawm ntawv.
Moscow Zemstvo yog ib qho ntawm thawj zaug muab kev pabcuam dawb thiab kev pabcuam pej xeem. Qhov no tau pab ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev sib kis thiab kev tswj hwm, thiab tseem ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb nrhiav kev pab. Tab sis nyob rau hauv thawj theem nws yog tsim nyog los coj tag nrho cov zog los tsim ib tug primitive daim ntawv ntawm kev kho mob ua hauj lwm. Kev kho mob zoo tshaj plaws tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov nroog muaj kev lag luam, xws li Bogorodsky thiab Moskovsky, thiab qhov xwm txheej phem tshaj plaws hauv cov nroog ua liaj ua teb (Mozhaysky, Volokamsky).
Zemsky tsev kho mob ntawm lub xeev Tver
Nyob rau xyoo 1867, thawj lub tsev kho mob zemstvo tau tshwm sim hauv Tver, uas tsis yog qhov chaw uas tib neeg yuav tsum tau kho, tab sis kuj yog qhov chaw ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub neej.
Nyob hauv Tver, ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm cov kws kho mob xyoo 1871, nws tau txiav txim siab tias ua ntej los ua tus kws kho mob zoo, nws yuav tsum tau kawm txog ib puag ncig uas cov neeg mob nyob. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub tias qhov chaw huv si yog dab tsi, qhov kev ua neej nyob yog dab tsi, vim qhov no yuav pab ua haujlwm, daim duab yuav pom tseeb, dab tsi tib neeg mob feem ntau.
Tus kws kho mob Mikhail Ilyich Petrunkevich, uas tuaj txog hauv nroog xyoo 1874, tau ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv kev txhim kho tshuaj hauv lub xeev. Nws tau txawj ntse los ua ke nrog nws txoj haujlwm thiab kev sib raug zoo hauv zej zog txhawm rau txhim kho cov tshuaj mus rau qib siab tshaj plaws. Cov cuab yeej tshiab rau lub sijhawm ntawd tau yuav rau lub tsev kho mob, cov phau ntawv tau yuav los ntawm txawv teb chaws, lub tsev qiv ntawv tau tsim, uas tau pab kawm los ntawm kev paub txawv teb chaws.specialists.
tsev kho mob hauv cheeb tsam Samara
Kev qhib thawj lub tsev kho mob zemstvo hauv cheeb tsam Samara tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, qhov chaw nyob rau thaum ntxov 60s. Ua ntej ntawd, tsuas yog ib lub tsev kho mob ua haujlwm hauv lub xeev, qhov chaw tsuas muaj 12 lub txaj rau 20 txhiab tus neeg, thiab tsis yog cov pej xeem zoo tib yam nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov tub rog tub rog thiab cov neeg raug kaw raug kho ntawm no rau txhua yam kab mob.
Xyoo 1865, lub tsev kho mob Zemstvo tau qhib rau sab nrauv ntawm lub nroog, uas lees txais txhua tus, tsis hais chav kawm thiab haiv neeg twg. Lub sijhawm ntawd, 7 tus kws kho mob, 26 tus kws kho mob ua haujlwm, muaj 360 lub txaj. Vim tias muaj ntau lub tsev kawm kho mob tau qhib, cov tshuaj pib txhim kho sai dua, thiab twb tau qhib hauv 1899 lub tsev kho mob zemstvo nyob rau thaj chaw deb nroog, muaj txog 70 ntawm lawv.
Los ntawm 1875, lub tsev kho mob tseem ceeb hauv Xeev tau qhib, uas xyoo 1890 muaj 5 tus neeg nyob puv sijhawm thiab 9 tus lej suav. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tshwm sim thaum lub xyoo pua xeem yog cov neeg pluag tau kho dawb thiab muab tshuaj dawb xwb.
Kev ua tiav thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov tshuaj zemstvo
Los ntawm cov tshuaj zemstvo, kev pab tau muab rau hauv 34 lub xeev, thiab cov tshuaj no tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho yav tom ntej. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev pab tsis tau tsuas yog rau cov neeg nyob hauv nroog, tab sis kuj rau cov neeg nyob deb nroog, thiab qhov no tau suav tias yog ib kauj ruam loj hauv kev kho mob.
Ua tsaug rau zemstvo tshuaj, xws li cov ntsiab lus xws li kev siv dav dav, kev tiv thaiv, kev pab dawb tshwm sim, thiab cov koom haum zoo li no tshwm sim uas tsis tau xav txog ua ntej -da dej av nkos, chaw kho mob thiab zaub mov, chaw nyob.
Hauv cov tshuaj, cov kws kho mob "kev vam meej" tshwm sim uas paub ntau, tuaj yeem muab kev pabcuam hauv ntau qhov chaw, thiab tseem tau tshawb fawb thiab kawm txog kab mob, yog li ntawd lawv tau qhib lub koom haum bacteriological thiab cov chaw kuaj mob, chaw ua haujlwm huv, tsev kho mob thiab tsev kho mob.
Txawm tias lub tsev kho mob zemstvo feem ntau tsis tau txais nyiaj, khoom siv, tshuaj, qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj, qhov twg txhua leej txhua tus, tsis hais lawv lub neej, yuav tau txais yam tsawg kawg ib co kev pab, cim qhov pib ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshuaj..
