Ib qho ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm kev txhim kho tag nrho ntawm lub tebchaws, tus yam ntxwv ntawm nws cov nyiaj txiag thiab kev coj noj coj ua yog kev tuag ntawm cov pejxeem, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog menyuam yaus. Kev suav yog nyob ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas tuag thaum lub sijhawm qee lub sijhawm. Tseem muaj lo lus "me nyuam mos tuag". Qhov ntsuas no qhia meej meej qhia txog cov xwm txheej pej xeem hauv lub xeev. Nrog rau qib kev pab kho mob rau cov pej xeem.
Kev tuag ntawm menyuam mos yog dab tsi?
Kev tuag ntawm menyuam mos yog lwm yam hu ua menyuam tuag. Tab sis qhov kev txhais no tsis yog lawm. Tus me nyuam mos raug suav txij li xoom mus rau ib xyoos. Thiab yog li ntawd, txhawm rau xam cov pej xeem theem ntawm kev loj hlob hauv lub tebchaws, cov ntsuas no raug coj los siv. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tuag ntawm cov me nyuam mos yog ib hom kev qhia uas qhia txog txhua yam kev pab rau cov menyuam yaus thiab cov niam, qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws, cov khoom siv thiab kev huv. Qhov ntsuas no kuj suav nrog kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov pej xeem, kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis.
Cov kws saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv,Tom qab kev tshuaj xyuas qhov muaj zog thiab ua rau muaj kev tuag ntawm menyuam yaus, lawv tuaj yeem siv ntau yam kev ntsuas uas yuav txo qhov ntsuas qhov tsis zoo. Nws kuj tseem ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txhim kho txoj hauv kev los tawm tsam kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas, ntxiv dag zog rau lub neej noj qab haus huv. Yog hais tias lub xeev thiab tag nrho nws cov tub ceev xwm yuav tawm tsam kom txo cov me nyuam mos tuag, qhov no yuav muab ib lub cib fim los nce tus nqi yug me nyuam thiab theem ntawm kev noj qab haus huv kev lag luam.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov teeb meem
Hnub no, qhov teeb meem ntawm pej xeem yog mob hnyav heev. Kev tuag me nyuam mos hauv Russia txhua xyoo dhau los ua ib lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau kev sib tham. Txawm hais tias txij li xyoo 1985 daim duab no hauv Lavxias Federation tau poob qis zuj zus, hauv qee thaj tsam qhov xwm txheej yog qhov sib txawv. Piv txwv li, raws li 2015 cov ntaub ntawv, qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov me nyuam tuag tau sau npe nyob rau hauv lub Pskov, Kaluga, Smolensk thiab Oryol cheeb tsam, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv Karachay-Cherkessia thiab lub koom pheej ntawm Mari El.
Txoj kev noj qab haus huv qhia txog ntau qhov laj thawj vim li cas qhov teeb meem yuav tsum tau daws.
- Nyob rau me nyuam mos, tus me nyuam yog tus tiv thaiv tsawg tshaj plaws. Cov niam txiv muaj lub luag haujlwm tag nrho rau kev saib xyuas thiab muab cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm lawv tus menyuam. Yog hais tias muaj kev kub ntxhov thiab tsis ruaj tsis khov kev lag luam thiab kev sib raug zoo pib hauv lub tebchaws, ces cov pejxeem raug kev txom nyem ua ntej. Nws ua raws li qhov no uas cov niam txiv tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv thiab muab txhua yam tsim nyog rau lawv tus menyuam.
- Thaum lub sijhawm muaj teebmeem hauv lub xeev, kev noj qab haus huv ntawm menyuam yaus kuj poob qis. Qhov no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam, thiabFeem pua ntawm cov kab mob pathological tau nce ntxiv, uas feem ntau ua rau cov menyuam mos tuag.
- Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev yug thiab tuag. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb yog tias tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa thiab kev pab los ntawm lub xeev.
Txhua yam saum toj no tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm qhov teeb meem, uas tam sim no mob hnyav heev. Txhawm rau txo tus nqi ntawm cov menyuam mos tuag, nws tseem ceeb heev kom paub qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim.
Me nyuam mos tuag: ua rau
Qhov ua rau cov menyuam mos tuag feem ntau yog nyob ntawm theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub tebchaws. Kev pab kho mob thiab khoom siv raws sij hawm npaum li cas rau cov pej xeem raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cov pej xeem. Yog tias peb coj cov teb chaws tsis muaj kev tsim kho, cov neeg tuag coob heev nyob ntawd, vim cov menyuam mos thiab cov niam tsis tuaj yeem muab kev pab raws sijhawm. Hauv cov teb chaws tsim kho siab heev, daim duab no poob qis, vim muaj ntau tus menyuam mos tau txais kev saib xyuas zoo.
Kev tuag me nyuam mos muaj ntau yam ua rau muaj feem cuam tshuam rau nws qib, xws li:
- Exogenous - feem ntau tshwm sim hauv lub sijhawm perinatal. Yog koj pab tus me nyuam kom raws sij hawm, tus me nyuam ciaj sia.
- kab mob sib kis.
- Accidents.
- kab mob ua pa - qee zaum tus menyuam tsis tuaj yeem muab kev pabcuam raws sijhawm, thiab nws tuag.
- Congenital anomalies.
- Pathological mob uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm perinatal.
Seasonal mortality
Cov kws kho mob pomqhov kev tuag ntawm menyuam yaus tshwm sim raws caij nyoog. Qib nce nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no thiab lub caij ntuj sov lub hlis, txo nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg thiab caij nplooj ntoos hlav. Cov qauv no tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua xeem. Qhov ua rau cov menyuam mos tuag thaum lub caij ntuj sov yog vim qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kis kab mob nce ntxiv. Thiab, raws li koj paub, nyob rau hauv huab cua kub, cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob kis mus rau kaum npaug sai dua, yog li ntawd, qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus me nyuam yuav kis tau tus kab mob. Thiab, yog leej niam txoj kev tiv thaiv raug txo, thiab tus me nyuam yug los tsis muaj zog, koj yuav tsum tau ua qhov no tiag tiag.
Nyob rau lub caij ntuj no, theem mob khaub thuas nce, thiab cov menyuam mos tuag feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog nws. Cov kab mob ua pa yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov me nyuam mos tuag nyob rau lub sijhawm no. Feem ntau, cov menyuam yaus tuag los ntawm kev mob ntsws, uas yog qhov ua rau exogenous. Nws tuaj yeem raug sau tseg tias lub caij ntuj sov kev tuag yog txo qis. Tab sis, hmoov tsis, lub caij ntuj no tseem nyob rau theem siab.
Tus me nyuam mos tuag tus nqi
Tus me nyuam mos tuag yog tus yam ntxwv txij thaum yug mus txog ib xyoos. Nws yog siv los ntsuas kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tag nrho cov pej xeem hauv ib lub tebchaws, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm tiv thaiv thiab kev kho mob zoo rau cov poj niam thiab menyuam yaus. Ob peb daim ntawv kho mob tau txais kev pom zoo uas yuav tsum tau sau tseg. Cov no yog cov ntaub ntawv:
- daim ntawv pov thawj kev tuag f. 106/y.
- daim ntawv pov thawj kho mob ntawm perinatal tuag f. 106 – 2/ y.
Ob daim ntawv no yogyuav tsum tau sau npe ntawm tus me nyuam mos tuag. Txhawm rau xam cov neeg tuag, koj yuav tsum paub txog qee cov qauv, nws zoo li qhov no:
ntau tus menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua ib xyoos uas tau tuag hauv ib xyoos, sib cuam tshuam nrog cov menyuam yug hauv lub xyoo muab
Tab sis cov nuj nqis no tsis raug, vim cov menyuam yug los feem ntau hloov pauv.
WHO pom zoo ib daim ntawv tshiab ntawm kev suav ua kom pom tseeb dua cov menyuam mos tuag. Cov qauv nas pom zoo kom suav cov lej zoo li no:
PMS=(cov menyuam mos hnub nyoog qis dua 1 xyoos uas tuag hauv ib xyoos): (2/3 yug hauv ib lub xyoo muab + 1/3 tus menyuam yug nyob rau xyoo dhau los) x 1000
Cov qauv no yog qhov tseeb dua, tab sis txhawm rau txhawm rau ntsuas qhov tseeb raws li qhov ua tau, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam cov menyuam mos tuag. Tsis tas li, tus menyuam mos tuag feem ntau hloov pauv raws sijhawm.
Kev tshuaj ntsuam me nyuam mos tuag
Paub qhov ntsuas thiab ua qhov kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev tuag, koj yuav tsum paub tias nws suav nrog:
- Ntau tus menyuam tuag hauv lub xyoo tam sim no.
- Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg tuag nyob rau hauv txhua lub hlis nyob rau hauv ib lub xyoo.
- Ntau tus me nyuam tuag qis dua ib xyoos.
- Kev tuag ntawm cov menyuam yaus.
Yog tias koj coj mus rau hauv tus account cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas, koj tuaj yeem teeb tsa theem ntawm qhov kev tuag ntawm tus menyuam mos yuav pom. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov mis yuav txawv, nws tag nrho yog nyob ntawm seb yuav tsum tau txhim khu kev qha cov txiaj ntsig. Nws tseem yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kev tuag ntawm cov me nyuam mosfaib tsis sib npaug. Tag nrho cov no suav nrog hauv kev tsom xam dav dav ntawm qhov tshwm sim no. Qhov kev tuag siab tshaj plaws yog pom thawj hnub tom qab yug me nyuam, qhov no yog lub sijhawm tseem ceeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus me nyuam mos tuag tus nqi yog maj mam txo.
coefficient
Muaj tus coefficient tshwj xeeb uas txiav txim siab qhov kev tuag ntawm cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua ib xyoos. Yav dhau los, tus me nyuam mos tuag yog tib yam rau txhua lub hnub nyoog. Txog rau tam sim no, nws muaj gradations: me nyuam mos - los ntawm 0 mus rau 1 xyoo, thiab cov me nyuam - los ntawm 1 xyoo mus rau 15 xyoo. Feem ntau, ib qho piv txwv tau pom tias tus me nyuam mos sib npaug sib npaug nrog qhov kev tuag ntawm cov neeg uas tau mus txog hnub nyoog tsib caug-tsib.
Tus txheej txheem ntawm kev xam cov coefficient txawv ntawm txhua lwm txoj hauv kev. Tag nrho cov no yog vim lub fact tias cov me nyuam mos tuag tus nqi yog tas li hloov. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem hloov pauv loj thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo, thiab qee zaum nyuaj heev los xam tus nqi raug. Yog li ntawd, cov kev suav yog ntau yooj yim: lawv coj tus naj npawb ntawm cov me nyuam tuag nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm raws li lub hauv paus thiab correlated lawv nrog cov me nyuam yug los. Muaj ntau ntau txoj hauv kev los suav cov coefficient, uas suav nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab qhov tseeb ntawm kev suav.
Demographic daim phiaj
Txhawm rau kom yooj yim rau kev suav cov menyuam mos tuag, ib daim phiaj tshwj xeeb yog siv. Nws visually qhia tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv rau ib lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, daim phiaj pej xeem yuav tsum tau ua kom yooj yim duaphim cov me nyuam tuag nrog cov nyob.
Nws yog qhov system ntawm squares. Cov kab uas kab rov tav yog cov hnub nyoog ntawm xyoo. Vertical kab yog daim ntawv qhia xyoo. Tus naj npawb ntawm kev yug nyob rau hauv ib lub xyoo daim ntawv qhia hnub yog qhia los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm daim phiaj. Tsis tas li diagonally muaj cov kab uas muaj qee cov ntaub ntawv. Cov no yog cov kab ntawm lub neej, lawv qhia hnub thiab xyoo yug. Yog tias muaj kev tuag, kab yuav xaus nrog lub dot.
Tseem muaj cov qauv tshwj xeeb rau kev suav cov menyuam mos tuag los ntawm tus lej thiab hnub yug.
Txuag kev tuag
Tus neeg tuag yog qhov taw qhia tseem ceeb ntawm kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub tebchaws thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev. Thiab ib qho ntawm cov kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas yog kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev tuag mus txog ib xyoos. Thiab kuj yog vim li cas cov me nyuam tuag. Tsis tas li, ib qho yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob thiab kev tuag ncaj qha nyob ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv thiab lawv txoj haujlwm zoo.
Cov menyuam mos tuag, qhov poob qis vim yog theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam, yuav tsum muaj tus nqi qis. Thiab rau qhov no, txoj hauv kev ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua yuav tsum tau siv thiab txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub neej ntawm cov pej xeem thiab lub xeev yuav tsum koom nrog. Cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb los txo cov neeg tuag yuav tsum yog:
- Txhawb nqa thiab ntxiv dag zog rau kev tiv thaiv txuas hauv kev tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv.
- Kev ntsuas kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev tiv thaiv txhawm rau txhim kho kev ua neej nyob ntawm cov pej xeem,kev txuag ntawm cov noob pas dej, kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig.
- Kev pabcuam kev noj qab haus huv los pab tshawb xyuas thiab tiv thaiv ntau yam kabmob.
- Rehab centers.
- Kev tiv thaiv thawj zaug rau kev noj qab haus huv.
