Pharmacology yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm tib neeg lub cev, txoj hauv kev kom tau txais cov tshuaj tshiab. Txawm tias nyob rau hauv ancient tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Is Nrias teb, nyob rau hauv lub tundra thiab nyob rau yav qab teb ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm teb chaws Africa, tib neeg sim nrhiav ib txoj kev los mus tua tus kab mob. Nws tau los ua, hauv kev nkag siab, lawv txoj kev xav xav, npau suav tsim nyog rau kev sib tw.
tshuaj tshuaj loog
Tshuaj yog tshuaj los yog sib xyaw ua ke uas yog siv los kho tus kab mob lossis kev tiv thaiv.
Ib yam tshuaj yog ib yam tshuaj uas twb npaj siv lawm.
Muaj ntau hom tshuaj. Qhov no yog ua kom yooj yim ntawm kev siv thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm tus kheej mus kom ze rau kev kho mob ntawm cov neeg mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, vim muaj ntau hom kev tso tawm, nws tuaj yeem xa cov tshuaj mus rau lub cev hauv ntau txoj hauv kev. Qhov no ua rau nws yooj yim dua rau kev ua haujlwm nrog cov neeg mob tsis nco qab, nrog rau cov neeg tau txais kev raug mob thiab kub hnyiab.
List A thiab B
Txhua yam tshuaj muab faib ua peb pawg:
- list A (poisons);
- npe B (cov tshuaj muaj zog, suav nrog tshuaj tua kab mob);
-cov tshuaj muaj yam tsis muaj tshuaj.
Class A thiab B cov tshuaj xav tau kev saib xyuas ntxiv, yog li yuav tsum muaj cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb kom tau txais lawv hauv cov khw muag tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, koj yuav tsum paub qhov twg thiab yuav khaws cov tshuaj no li cas. Txij li thaum lawv yuav zoo decompose nyob rau hauv tshav ntuj los yog tau txais cov tshuaj lom ntxiv. Thiab qee cov tshuaj, xws li morphine, yuav tsum muaj lub luag haujlwm nruj. Yog li ntawd, txhua lub ampoule raug xa mus los ntawm cov kws saib xyuas neeg mob thaum kawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog kev nkag mus rau hauv phau ntawv teev npe tsim nyog. Qee cov tshuaj kuj tau sau npe: tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tshuaj narcosis, tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Recipes
Daim ntawv tshuaj yog ib daim ntawv thov los ntawm tus kws kho mob mus rau tus kws muag tshuaj lossis tus kws muag tshuaj nrog kev thov muag tshuaj rau tus neeg mob, qhia txog daim ntawv, koob tshuaj thiab cov txheej txheem thiab kev siv ntau zaus. Daim foos tam sim ntawd ua haujlwm ntawm daim ntawv kho mob, kev cai lij choj thiab nyiaj txiag yog tias cov tshuaj tau muab rau tus neeg mob raws li qhov nyiam lossis tsis them nyiaj.
Muaj ib txoj cai lij choj uas tswj cov cai rau kev muab tshuaj rau cov kws kho mob ntawm ntau yam tshwj xeeb thiab txoj haujlwm.
Ib tshuaj tsis yog tsuas yog ib yam khoom uas tuaj yeem tshem tawm tus kab mob lossis nws qhov tshwm sim, tab sis kuj yog tshuaj lom, yog li tus kws kho mob yuav tsum qhia qhov ntau npaum li cas thaum muab daim ntawv xaj.
Nyob
Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv sau tshuaj, tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj yog sau nyob rau hauv Arabic cov zauv nyob rau hauv loj los yog ntim units ntawm lub decimal system. Tag nrho cov grams yog sib cais los ntawm ib tug comma,Piv txwv li, 1, 0. Yog hais tias cov tshuaj muaj tee, ces lawv tus lej yog qhia los ntawm Roman tus lej. Qee cov tshuaj tua kab mob suav nrog thoob ntiaj teb units (IU) lossis biological units (U).
Tshuaj yog cov khoom uas tuaj yeem ua rau hauv cov khoom, kua lossis roj. Cov kua dej thiab cov pa roj hauv cov ntawv sau tshuaj yog qhia hauv milliliters, thaum nqus tau, tus kws kho mob tsuas tuaj yeem sau cov tshuaj qhuav.
Thaum kawg ntawm daim ntawv tshuaj yog kos npe thiab tus kheej foob ntawm tus kws kho mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus neeg mob cov ntaub ntawv hla tebchaws tau qhia, xws li lub npe, npe, hnub nyoog. Nco ntsoov suav nrog hnub ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm cov tshuaj thiab nws hnub tas sij hawm. Muaj cov ntawv tshwj xeeb rau kev sau tshuaj rau cov tshuaj pab, tshuaj noj, tshuaj tsaug zog, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab tshuaj tua kab mob. Lawv tau kos npe tsis yog los ntawm tus kws kho mob nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj los ntawm tus kws kho mob lub taub hau ntawm lub tsev kho mob, tau lees paub nrog nws lub foob, thiab muab lub foob puag ncig ntawm lub tsev kho mob rau saum.
Nws yog txwv tsis pub sau ether rau tshuaj loog, fentanyl, chloroethane, ketamine thiab lwm yam tshuaj tsaug zog hauv tsev kho mob sab nraud. Hauv ntau lub tebchaws, cov ntawv sau tshuaj yog sau ua lus Latin, thiab tsuas yog cov lus pom zoo rau kev lees paub yog sau ua hom lus uas tus neeg mob nkag siab. Rau cov tshuaj narcotic thiab tshuaj lom, kev siv tau ntawm kev tso cai ua lag luam yog txwv rau tsib hnub, rau kev kho mob cawv - kaum, tus so tuaj yeem yuav hauv ob lub hlis txij li hnub tau tshaj tawm cov tshuaj.
Kev faib tawm dav dav
Nyob hauv qhov tseeb niaj hnub no, thaum muaj cov tshuaj txawv txawv tshaj plawsTxhais tau tias, kev faib tawm yog qhov tsim nyog kom ua rau taug qab hauv lawv ntau haiv neeg. Rau qhov no, siv ob peb cov lus qhia raws cai:
- Kev siv tshuaj kho mob - pab pawg tshuaj yog tsim los kho ib tus kab mob.
- Pharmacological action - cov nyhuv uas cov tshuaj tsim tawm hauv lub cev.
- Tshuaj cov qauv.
- Nosological txoj cai. Nws zoo ib yam li kev kho mob, tsuas yog qhov sib txawv txawm tias nqaim.
Kev faib tawm los ntawm pawg
Thaum kaj ntug ntawm kev txhim kho tshuaj, cov kws kho mob sim ua kom cov tshuaj lawv tus kheej. Kev faib tawm raws li tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv zog ntawm cov kws tshuaj thiab kws muag tshuaj, suav nrog raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm daim ntawv thov point. Nws suav nrog cov pawg hauv qab no:
1. Cov tshuaj psychotropic thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb (tranquilizers, antipsychotics, sedatives, antidepressants, antiepileptics, anti-inflammatory tshuaj).
2. Cov tshuaj ua rau lub paj hlwb peripheral (ganglioblockers, anticholinergics)
3. Local tshuaj loog.
4. Tshuaj uas hloov vascular tone.
5. Diuretics thiab cholagogues.
6. Cov tshuaj uas cuam tshuam rau hauv nruab nrog cev thiab metabolism.
7. Tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj tua kab mob.
8. Tshuaj Anticancer.
9. Txhais tau rau kev kuaj mob (dyes, contrast agents, radionuclides).
Qhov kev faib thiab zoo sib xws no pab cov kws kho mob hluas kom nkag siab zoo dua qhov lawv muajcov tshuaj kho mob. Kev faib mus rau hauv pab pawg pab kom nkag siab qhov kev nkag siab ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb thiab nco ntsoov ntau npaum li cas.
Kev faib tawm los ntawm cov qauv tshuaj
Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws rau kev faib cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj tua kab mob. Muaj cov tshuaj bactericidal thiab bacteriostatic. Kev faib cov qauv tshuaj suav nrog ob pawg no. Cov qauv tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj thiab nws lub npe.
- Halides. Lawv ua raws cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm pawg halogen: chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine. Piv txwv li, antiformin, chloramine, pantocid, iodoform thiab lwm yam.
- Oxidizers. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim los twv tias lawv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog tsom rau kev tsim cov pa oxygen dawb ntau. Cov no suav nrog hydrogen peroxide, hydroperite, potassium permanganate crystals.
- Acids. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog salicylic thiab boric.
- Alkalis: sodium borate, bicarmint, ammonia.
- Aldehydes. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua yog ua raws li lub peev xwm tshem tawm cov dej los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg, ua rau lawv nruj dua. Cov neeg sawv cev - formalin, formidron, lysoform, urotropin, urosal, ethyl cawv.
- Hnyav hlau ntsev: sublimate, mercury ointment, calomel, lapis, collargol, tooj liab sulfate, lead thaj, zinc oxide, Lassar muab tshuaj, thiab lwm yam.
- Phenols. Lawv muaj ib tug irritating thiab cauterizing nyhuv. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog carbolic acid, lysol.
- Dyes. Siv rau hauv kev kuaj mobmanipulations thiab raws li lub zos irritant thiab antibacterial neeg sawv cev. Cov no suav nrog methylene xiav, ci ntsuab ntsuab, fucorcin.
- Tars thiab resins, piv txwv li, Vishnevsky's balm, Wilkinson's ointment, ichthyol, paraffin, naphthalene, sulsen. Txhim kho cov ntshav hauv zos rau cov ntaub so ntswg.
Cov tshuaj muaj zog
Cov tshuaj no muaj cov neeg sawv cev hauv qab no: ntsiav tshuaj, dragees, hmoov, capsules thiab granules thiab lwm yam tshuaj. Kev txiav txim siab daim ntawv tso tawm tsis yog qhov nyuaj, txij li koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab nrog lub qhov muag liab qab dab tsi raws nraim ntawm koj xub ntiag.
Pills yog tau los ntawm shaping cov hmoov, muaj cov active tshuaj thiab excipient. Qhov no feem ntau ua tiav nyob rau hauv siab.
Dragee yog ib yam khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke hauv txheej, nias ib ncig ntawm cov granule.
hmoov muaj ntau yam siv. Lawv tuaj yeem qaug dej qaug cawv, nchuav rau ntawm qhov txhab, diluted nrog saline thiab txhaj tshuaj intramuscularly lossis intravenously. Muaj cov hmoov uas tsis tau siv thiab dosed, uas, dhau los, yog qhov yooj yim thiab nyuaj.
Capsules yog gelatin plhaub uas muaj kua, granular, hmoov los yog muab tshuaj.
Granules feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv kev npaj homeopathic, lawv zoo li cov khoom me me (tsawg dua li ib nrab millimeter loj).
Cov Ntawv Ua Kua
Txoj kev ua noj noKev npaj muaj xws li kev daws teeb meem, kev npaj galenic thiab novogalenic, balms, collodions thiab lwm yam kev xaiv ua kua thiab ib nrab kua.
Kev daws yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw tshuaj thiab cov kuab tshuaj xws li dej lossis cawv.
tshuaj ntsuab npaj tsuas yog cov nroj tsuag rho tawm los ntawm cua sov.
Infusions thiab decoctions yog npaj los ntawm cov nroj tsuag qhuav. Lawv txhua tus kos npe rau daim ntawv sau tshuaj, suav nrog tus nqi diluent tus kws muag tshuaj yuav tsum siv.
Infusion thiab extract - ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, cov kua dej cawv. Lawv tuaj yeem yog cov ntshiab lossis cawv lossis ethereal. Kev npaj Novogalenic txawv ntawm cov pa, galenic, qib siab ntawm purification ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov khoom tiav.
Cov Tshuaj Tshwj Xeeb
Balms yog oily kua nrog deodorizing thiab antiseptic zog. Collodion yog ib qho kev daws teeb meem ntawm nitrocellulose nrog cawv thiab ether hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ib txog rau rau. Lawv tsuas yog siv sab nraud xwb. Cov tshuaj nplaum muaj cov kua dej ib nrab thiab muaj cov nroj tsuag rho tawm nrog lub hauv paus xws li glycerin, wax, paraffin, thiab lwm yam. Lemonades thiab syrups yog tsim los ua kom yooj yim rau cov menyuam noj tshuaj. Qhov no yuav pab kom tus neeg mob txaus siab rau txoj kev kho mob yam tsis muaj kev siv zog ntxiv.
Sterile aqueous thiab oily daws yog tsim rau kev txhaj tshuaj. Lawv tuaj yeem ua tau yooj yim li lawv yog complex. Thaum sau ntawv tshuaj, nco ntsoov qhia cov koob tshuaj thiab qhov ntimnyob rau hauv ib lub ampoule, nrog rau cov lus pom zoo ntawm qhov twg cov tshuaj yuav tsum tau txhaj.
cov duab mos
Yog siv cov tshuaj muaj roj los yog rog zoo li lub hauv paus, cov tshuaj mos yuav tau txais. Lub ntsiab lus, kev faib tawm, kev tsim khoom ntawm cov no - tag nrho cov teeb meem no tau kawm zoo los ntawm cov kws tshuaj thiab kws muag tshuaj, thaum tus kws kho mob tsuas yog xav paub txog koob tshuaj thiab cov lus qhia rau kev teem caij.
Yog li, cov tshuaj pleev yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog nees nkaum-tsib feem pua ntawm cov khoom qhuav. Kev tsim nyog sib xws tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev sib xyaw cov hmoov nrog tsiaj rog, siv quav ciab, roj zaub, roj av jelly lossis polyethylene glycol. Tib cov qauv siv rau pastes, tab sis lawv yuav tsum muaj kuab dua. Liniments, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, yuav tsum ua kua ntau dua, thiab ua ntej siv lawv yuav tsum tau shaken kom cov hmoov sib tov sib npaug hauv cov kuab tshuaj. tswm ciab los yog suppositories muaj ib tug khoom, tab sis thaum noj, lawv sai sai yaj thiab ua kua. Cov thaj ua rau thaj kuj tseem muaj zog ntawm chav tsev kub, tab sis ntawm daim tawv nqaij lawv yaj thiab lo los ua ib qho kev sib cuag.
Tshuaj yog cov tshuaj feem ntau ntawm cov hauv paus chiv keeb uas tau ua tshuaj los yog lub cev ua kom lawv nqus tau zoo dua los ntawm tus neeg mob lub cev.
