Ntxiv rau cov khoom ntim tas mus li, cov khoom ntim ib ntus feem ntau siv hauv kev kho hniav. Lawv tsim nyog kaw cov kab noj hniav tsuas yog rau lub sijhawm kuaj lossis kho. Cov khoom ntim ib ntus niaj hnub no yog sawv cev los ntawm ntau pawg. Peb yuav nthuav qhia lawv cov yam ntxwv hauv tsab xov xwm. Peb kuj qhia txog qhov yuav tsum tau muaj rau cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no, qhia rau lawv siv.
About the process
Lub npe ntawm cov txheej txheem "sau" los ntawm Latin plumbum - "ua". Qhov no yog qhov hloov ntawm qee qhov tsis xws luag hauv cov ntaub so ntswg nrog cov khoom siv dag zog. Lub hom phiaj yog los kho cov kab mob anatomical ntawm cov hniav, rov qab nws cov haujlwm. Niaj hnub no, ob qho tib si mus tas li thiab ib ntus cov khoom ntim tau siv rau qhov no.
Ib qho puv tuaj yeem them tsis tau rau cov ntaub so ntswg tawv, tab sis kuj los tiv thaiv cov tawv nqaij thiab apicalperiodontal.
Txoj kev vam meej ntawm kev kho mob ua ntej qhov sau hauv qhov no yog ntsuas los ntawm qhov muaj txiaj ntsig thiab lub sijhawm ntawm kev khaws cia ntawm cov ntawv thov. Niaj hnub no, tag nrho cov khoom siv yog siv rau cov txheej txheem, sib txawv ntawm cov qauv, lub hom phiaj thiab cov khoom.
Ntau yam
Cov khoom ntim ib ntus hauv kev kho hniav tsuas yog ib pawg xwb. Txhawm rau kom yooj yim, tag nrho cov kev faib tawm tau qhia ua ke nrog lawv:
- Ntawm. Lawv tau siv los kho cov kab mob anatomical ntawm cov hniav thiab nws cov haujlwm ncaj qha, tsis ncaj ncees.
- Cov khoom ntim ib ntus. Raws li, lawv yuav tsum tau kaw ib ntus ntawm cov kab noj hniav.
- Nyob zoo. Cov pab pawg muaj xws li cov ntaub ntawv kho mob: zinc-eugenol, muaj calcium hydroxide los yog ua ke.
- Cov khoom siv rau cov hauv paus kwj dej.
- khoom siv foob.
- Adhesives.
Tseem kuj muaj qhov sib txawv me ntsis, muab tso ua ke los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb:
- Cov khoom siv hlau.
- Polymer thiab yas filling cov ntaub ntawv.
- Cements.
- Dental sealants thiab nplaum.
- A set of composite material.
Cov kev cai tseem ceeb hauv kev kho mob
Ob qho khoom ntim ib ntus thiab tag nrho cov saum toj no yog ua raws li cov kev cai kho mob ib yam:
- Cov khoom yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj tshuaj lom raucov nqaij tawv tawv ntawm cov hniav, cov ntaub so ntswg, cov mucous ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav.
- Cov tshuaj yuav tsum tsis muaj teeb meem rau lub cev tag nrho.
- Cov khoom siv yuav tsum muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tiv thaiv kab mob.
- Cov tshuaj no ncaj qha tiv thaiv kev nkag mus ntawm ob qho tib si pathogenic microflora thiab co toxins rau hauv cov tawv nqaij.
- Cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig tiv thaiv kab mob.
- Lawv yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov thermal conductivity tsawg, uas tiv thaiv cov khoom tawg hauv cov qaub ncaug.
- Cov ntaub ntawv sau yog tshuaj lom neeg. Hauv lwm lo lus, lawv tiv taus cov neeg ua phem xws li alkalis thiab acids.
- Cov tshuaj no yog ib qho nyuaj, mechanically muaj zog, hnav-tiv taus, thiab kuj muaj cov khoom zoo nkauj zoo nkauj.
- Cov khoom tsis hloov qhov ntxoov ntxoo ntawm cov hniav thiab tsis txhob poob lawv cov xim qub dhau sijhawm.
- Cov tshuaj ua kom tsis txhob ua rau cov galvanic tam sim no hauv qhov ncauj kab noj hniav.
- Cov khoom siv tsis hloov ntim thiab cov duab thaum lawv tawv. Tib lub sijhawm, lawv txeeb tau sai, muaj adhesion siab rau cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov hniav.
- Nyob zoo, cov tshuaj no yog radiopaque.
Cov ntaub ntawv kawm
Cov ntaub ntawv sau rau ib ntus, zoo li txhua tus, tau kawm kom ntxaws ua ntej lawv siv ncaj qha hauv chaw kho hniav. Kev tshawb fawb tsis tu ncua tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb yam:
- Kev kuaj lub cev-tshuab.
- Study of biological properties of substances.
- Kev sim tshuaj kho mob.
Lub cevCov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom ntim cov khoom ntim rau ib ntus yog raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kuaj sim:
- Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov khoom sib xws.
- Ntau qhov kub ntawm cov khoom thaum lub sij hawm hardening.
- Volume hloov ntawm ib yam khoom thaum lub sij hawm solidification.
- xim ceev.
- nqus dej.
- Kev txiav txim siab lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm loj.
- Solubility hauv dej thiab lwm yam xov xwm.
- Hardness.
- Opacity.
- Adhesion.
- Abrasion tsis kam thiab lwm yam ntxwv.
Kev sim tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov khoom ntim ib ntus (xws li cov hauv paus kwj dej) qhia lawv qhov kev tsis txaus siab rau lub cev tag nrho thiab cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov hniav. Tsis tu ncua bioassays lub hom phiaj los txheeb xyuas cov hauv qab no:
- Qhov ncauj toxicity ntawm cov tshuaj.
- Cov khoom siv toxicity.
- Local toxicity.
- Specific sensitization.
Kev sim tshuaj lom neeg nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog ua rau cov tsiaj sim. Qhov no tso cai rau koj kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv txhim khu kev qha tshaj plaws ntawm bioproperties ntawm cov khoom ntim ib ntus (rau cov hauv paus kwj dej, cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov hniav, thiab lwm yam), kom pom tseeb cov lus pom zoo rau kev sim tshuaj ntxiv.
Rau qhov kawg, qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm tus kheej hauv kev kho hniav yog qhov tseem ceeb. Qhov no tso cai rau koj los txiav txim qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm txhua yam khoom siv hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm nws qhov kev siv tiag tiag, kev ua haujlwm.
Kev ntsuas qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub foob
Ob qho tib si cov khoom ntim rau cov hniav ib ntus thiab nws lwm yam yog raug soj ntsuam feem ntau los ntawm kev ntim khoom xa tuaj. Cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no tseem ceeb ntawm no:
- Nyob zoo.
- Anatomical shape.
- xim ceev.
- Hloov qhov ntxoov ntxoo ntawm qhov txhaws nyob ib ncig ntawm lub periphery.
- Qhov tshwm sim ntawm txo caries.
khoom siv ib ntus
Thaum kuaj mob caries hauv cov hniav ib ntus, cov khoom ntim tau raug xaiv raws li lawv tus mob thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb. Cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke rau ib ntus ntxiv tau muab faib ua cov subcategories. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev xav tau yog tib yam rau txhua tus. Cov khoom ntawm cov khoom ntim ib ntus yog raws li hauv qab no:
- Pulp tus phooj ywg.
- Plasticity: Cov khoom yuav tsum yooj yim txav mus rau hauv thiab tawm ntawm cov tawv nqaij.
- Khoom yuav tsum tsis txhob siv tshuaj.
- Tshuaj tsis yaj hauv qhov ncauj.
- Cov khoom ntim tau ntev txog ob lub lis piam.
- Cov khoom muaj zog txaus. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, nws tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm ntawm cov kab noj hniav uas siv lub tshuab nqus tsev excavator lossis drilling.
Cov lus qhia rau kev siv cov khoom ntim ib ntus: kaw cov kab noj hniav carious, kev kho mob ntawm ob qho tib si kab mob thiab cov kab mob tsis yooj yim. Feem ntau, cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no tau siv los ua kev kho mob lossis cov ntaub qhwv insulating uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ruaj khov.
Lub hom phiajapps
Kev sau ib ntus hauv kev kho hniav yog ua rau cov hom phiaj hauv qab no:
- Hnav khaub ncaws hauv kev kho mob caries thiab nws cov teeb meem ntau.
- Control fillings nyob rau hauv kev kuaj mob ntawm pulpitis thiab caries.
- Insulating pads.
- Filling ib ntus hniav.
- Kev kho ib ntus ntawm cov khoom siv prosthetic.
- Ib ntus ntim cov hauv paus kwj dej rau kev kho mob.
Raws li, txhua txoj haujlwm muaj nws cov khoom siv. Tab sis nyob rau hauv kev kho hniav, universal compositions rau ib ntus fillings kuj nrov. Peb yuav tau paub lawv ntxiv.
Ntau yam
Cov hom khoom ntim khoom ib ntus:
- Zinc sulfate cement. Kuj tseem hu ua Artificial dentin. Ntawm no "Dentin-paste", "Dentin rau hnav khaub ncaws", "Vinoxol" thiab lwm yam.
- Zinc-eugenol cement.
- Zinc phosphate cement.
- Polycarboxylate cement.
Peb yuav nthuav qhia txhua pab pawg ntawm cov nyiaj hauv qab no.
Muaj lwm qhov kev faib tawm. Raws li nws, cov khoom sau ib ntus muab faib los ntawm lawv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ua peb pawg:
- Zinc-eugenol cements.
- Eugenol-dawb cements.
- cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kho.
Tsov siv
Cia sau cov cuab yeej los ua cov khoom ntim ib ntus uas tus kws kho hniav siv hauv nws txoj haujlwm ntawm no:
- Powder nws tus kheej rau kev npaj cov tshuaj rau yav tom ntej ib ntus sau, dej distilled, muab tshuaj, kua tshuaj nyob ntawm seb cov khoom xaiv.
- Chrome spatula.
- Tshuaj kho hniav iav.
- Strokers.
- Tweezers.
- paj rwb.
Zinc sulfate cement
Peb tseem tau paub txog cov ntaub ntawv sau ib ntus thiab mus tas li. Artificial dentin yog hmoov dawb. Qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom ntim ib ntus yog raws li hauv qab no:
- Zinc Oxide - 70%.
- Zinc sulfate - 25%.
- Dextrin lossis kaolin - 5%.
Raws li zinc oxide, nws muab cov adhesion zoo ntawm ib ntus ntim rau cov ntaub so ntswg. Cov khoom seem yog lub luag haujlwm rau lub zog thiab ductility ntawm cov khoom. Txhawm rau npaj xws li ib ntus insulating filling, dag dentin hmoov yog diluted nrog dej distilled.
Tus kws kho hniav ua ntawm no raws li cov lus qhia:
- Ib qho tshuaj dentin hmoov yog siv rau qhov ntxhib ntawm cov iav hniav. Nws yog diluted nrog 5-10 tee dej distilled.
- Tom qab ntawd maj mam muab cov hmoov sib tov nrog dej nrog spatula rau 30 vib nas this.
- Ua ntej txhaws, cov hniav yuav tsum tau tso tawm ntawm cov qaub ncaug thiab qhuav.
- Tom ntej no, tus kws kho hniav siv qhov loj hauv ib feem ntawm cov trowel thiab muab tso rau hauv cov kab noj hniav. Cov khoom yog compacted nrog ib tug paj rwb pob, thiab nws tshaj yog muab tshem tawm nrog ib tug swab.
- Tom qab cov txheej txheem no, tus kws tshaj lij mus rauLwm qhov chaw kho mob.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws rau cov khoom siv dag zog yog "cov qaub nplaum tuab". Tom qab 1-2 feeb tom qab muab tso rau hauv cov hniav kab noj hniav, lub loj solidifies. Tus kws kho mob yuav tsum tau tshem tawm cov dentin ntau dhau - cov khoom siv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov hniav kab noj hniav, thiab tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm cov pos hniav los yog nyob rau hauv lub interdental chaw.
Txhua cov zinc sulphate cements raug tshem tawm ntawm cov kab noj hniav los ntawm qib zoo li lub zog ntawm kev sojntsuam lossis excavator. Yog tias qhov kev ua no tsis xav tau lossis ua tsis tau, ces tus kws kho hniav siv lub laum los tshem tawm qhov loj.
Dentine paste
Cov khoom ntim ib ntus no yog siv los ua cov khoom siv los kaw cov hniav kab noj hniav rau qee lub sijhawm. "Dentin-paste" yog patented ib qho tshuaj kho. Nws yog ib pawg ntawm dawb. Nws tuaj yeem muaj xim liab lossis grey-daj tinge. Muaj me ntsis tsw ntawm clove roj.
Nws muaj cov hauv qab no:
- Zinc oxide.
- av nplaum dawb.
- Zinc sulfate.
- Clove and peach oil.
Nyob hauv qhov ncauj, cov khoom no thaum kawg hardens hauv 1.5-2 teev. "Dentin-paste" yog yas, muaj adhesion zoo thiab dej-repellent zog.
Tus kws kho hniav siv cov khoom no rau kev sau ib ntus raws li hauv qab no:
- Ntawm qhov ntxhib ntawm cov iav hniavmuab tshuaj txhuam yog siv. Do nws nrog spatula.
- Tus neeg mob cov hniav yog ntxuav ntawm cov qaub ncaug thiab qhuav.
- Cov khoom yog muab tso rau hauv cov hniav kab noj hniav nrog ib tug trowel. Tom qab ntawd lub paste yog compacted nrog paj rwb pob. Cov khoom siv ntau dhau raug tshem tawm nrog paj rwb swab.
Qhov ntim ib ntus no muaj nuj nqis rau nws cov yas. Cov tshuaj txhuam hniav ua kom tiav cov kab noj hniav, tsis txhob cia cov kab mob microflora, zom zaub mov, qaub ncaug rau hauv nws. Vim li cas nws thiaj li feem ntau siv los kaw cov tshuaj pad.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas tus kws kho hniav tsis txhob tso ntau tshaj "Dentin Paste" rau ntawm papillae lossis hauv qhov chaw nruab nrab. Txij li thaum cov khoom hardens tsuas yog tom qab 1.5-2 teev, tus neeg mob raug tso tawm yam tsis tau tos kom muab tshuaj txhuam kom tag nrho. Kws kho hniav ceeb toom tus neeg mob kom tsis txhob noj zaub mov thiab haus dej hauv ob teev.
"Dentine paste" hardens thaum raug rau qaub ncaug. Lub tom kawg ua kom ceev cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom siv.
Vinoxol
"Vinoxol" yog ob txoj kev kho mob. Raws li, cov hmoov nplej raws li zinc oxide thiab cov kua (cov tshuaj ntawm polystyrene hauv guaiacol yog muab). Cov khoom no rau ib ntus filling yog muaj nuj nqis rau nws lub zog siab, zoo adhesion, antiseptic nyhuv.
Cov khoom ntawm cov khoom (40 g ntawm cov hmoov thiab 10 g ntawm cov khoom ua kua) yog nplawm rau 30 vib nas this, tom qab uas cov muaj pes tsawg leeg tau muab tso rau hauv cov hniav kab noj hniav. Nws tiav hardening tshwm sim hauv 3-4 teev. Lub sijhawm no, tus neeg mob yuav tsum tsis kamdej qab zib thiab khoom noj txom ncauj.
Cov kws kho hniav tsis txhob siv "Vinoxol" ua ib txheej ua ntej siv cov khoom sib xyaw.
Zinc-eugenol cements
Cov khoom ntim ib ntus hauv pawg no yog ua raws eugenol thiab zinc oxide. Nyob rau hauv, ntxiv subcategories txawv:
- Zoos oxide-eugenol.
- Based ntawm orthoethoxybenzoic acid.
- Reinforced zinc-oxide-eugenol (filler ntxiv rau lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg).
Zinc-oxide-eugenol filling cov ntaub ntawv yog ob yam khoom. Lawv muaj zinc oxide hmoov thiab purified eugenol (los yog clove roj, qhov twg 85% los ntawm qhov hnyav yog eugenol). Txhawm rau ua kom lub zog ntawm qhov loj, cov dej distilled lossis acetic acid yog ntxiv rau cov kua tivthaiv.
Thaum kneading qhov loj, resinous zinc evangalate tawm los. Nws khi cov ntsiab lus ntawm zinc oxide rau hauv pasty loj, uas hardens lub sij hawm. Thaum raug cov dej noo (qhov no, tus neeg mob cov qaub ncaug), qhov sib xyaw no hardens sai heev, ua kom muaj zog tom qab 10 feeb.
Npaj cov ntim ntim thiab siv nws raws li cov lus qhia saum toj no rau cov hniav cuav.
Txhim kho zinc-oxide-eugenol cov ntaub ntawv-cements, feem, yog qhov txawv ntawm cov khoom siv kho tshuab me ntsis. 10-40% finely av dag los yog ntuj resins ntxiv rau zinc oxide hmoov. Siv rau qhov no rosin, polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate-catalysts.
Cov khoom ua kua ntawm cov khoom siv zinc oxide-eugenol yog tib yam eugenol, clove roj. Qee tus lej ntawm cov resins saum toj no, ib qho catalyst (feem ntau acetic acid) thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob tuaj yeem yaj hauv nws. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm hardening ntawm no zoo ib yam.
txhawm rau txhim kho cov khoom ntawm cov cements saum toj no, 50-66% EVA (orthoethoxybenzoic acid) yog ntxiv rau cov khoom xyaw ua kua ntawm cov khoom. Qhov kev sib ntxiv no tso cai rau koj los ua kom muaj zog ntawm cov khoom ntim khoom no. Yog li ntawd, feem ntau zinc-oxide-eugenol cements nrog EVA kuj tau qhia rau kev txhim kho orthodontic kev tsim kho.
Lawv siv rau hauv kev xyaum kho hniav ib yam li cov khoom siv dag zog: cov khoom siv qhuav thiab cov kua dej sib xyaw, muab tso rau hauv cov kab noj hniav tsis muaj qaub ncaug, compacted, thiab cov khoom siv ntau dhau raug tshem tawm.
Zinc phosphate fillings
Raws li cov khoom ntim ib ntus, yuav luag txhua yam ntawm cov khoom siv kho hniav no tau siv. Cov kws tshaj lij siv lawv nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas yuav tsum tau muab tso rau ib ntus ntev. Zinc-phosphate pawg tiv thaiv kab noj hniav rau 2-3 lub lis piam.
cov khoom siv polycarboxylate
Raws li cov cements no, lawv tau siv ob qho tib si ua ib ntus ntim thiab ua spacers thaum ntim nrog lwm cov ntaub ntawv. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua kom loj ntawm no rov ua dua ib qho uas tau piav qhia saum toj no rau cov khoom siv dag zog.
Muaj cov ntaub ntawv txaus rau kev ntim khoom ib ntusntau. Tab sis tib qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau lawv qhov zoo. Cov khoom xyaw yuav tsum tsis tsuas yog tiv thaiv cov hniav qhib rau ib lub sijhawm, tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev nyab xeeb rau tus neeg mob.
