Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob tsis yog allelic: hom thiab cov ntawv

Cov txheej txheem:

Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob tsis yog allelic: hom thiab cov ntawv
Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob tsis yog allelic: hom thiab cov ntawv

Video: Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob tsis yog allelic: hom thiab cov ntawv

Video: Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob tsis yog allelic: hom thiab cov ntawv
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Anonim

Kev sib kis ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tiam mus rau ib tiam yog vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob sib txawv. Cov noob yog dab tsi, thiab hom kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lawv yog dab tsi?

Yeej yog dab tsi?

Raws li cov noob nyob rau lub sijhawm tam sim no, lawv txhais tau tias chav sib kis ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los. Cov noob muaj nyob hauv DNA thiab tsim nws cov txheej txheem. Txhua lub noob yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev sib txuas ntawm ib qho protein molecule, uas txiav txim siab qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib qho tshwj xeeb hauv tib neeg.

kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob uas tsis yog-allelic
kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob uas tsis yog-allelic

Txhua lub noob muaj ob peb hom subspecies lossis alleles, uas ua rau muaj ntau yam zoo (piv txwv li, lub qhov muag xim av yog vim qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov noob, thaum xiav yog qhov zoo nkauj). Alleles nyob hauv tib cheeb tsam ntawm homologous chromosomes, thiab kev sib kis ntawm ib lossis lwm chromosome ua rau pom qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib lossis lwm qhov zoo.

Txhua cov noob muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg. Muaj ntau ntau hom kev sib cuam tshuam - allelic thiab non-allelic. Raws li, kev sib cuam tshuamallelic thiab non-allelic noob. Lawv sib txawv li cas thiab lawv qhia lawv tus kheej li cas?

Discovery keeb kwm

Ua ntej cov hom kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob uas tsis yog-allelic tau tshawb pom, feem ntau tau lees paub tias tsuas yog ua tiav kev tswj hwm nkaus xwb (yog tias muaj cov noob tseem ceeb, ces qhov zoo yuav tshwm sim; yog tias nws tsis tuaj, ces yuav muaj. yuav tsis muaj qhov zoo). Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam allelic, uas tau ntev ntev yog lub ntsiab dogma ntawm noob caj noob ces, yeej. Dominance tau raug tshawb fawb ntau thiab hom xws li kev ua tiav thiab tsis tiav dominance, co-dominance thiab over-dominance tau raug tshawb pom.

hom kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob tsis-allelic
hom kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob tsis-allelic

Tag nrho cov ntsiab cai no tau raug rau Mendel thawj txoj cai, uas tau hais txog qhov sib xws ntawm thawj tiam hybrids.

Ua raws li kev soj ntsuam ntxiv thiab kev tshawb fawb, nws tau pom tias tsis yog txhua qhov cim tau hloov kho rau txoj kev xav tswj hwm. Nrog rau kev tshawb fawb tob dua, nws tau ua pov thawj tias tsis yog tib cov noob caj noob ces cuam tshuam rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov zoo lossis pab pawg ntawm cov khoom. Yog li, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob uas tsis yog-allelic tau tshawb pom.

Reactions ntawm noob

Raws li tau hais, tau ntev lawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov qub txeeg qub teg yeej yeej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug allelic kev sib raug zoo tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv uas tus cwj pwm tshwm sim nws tus kheej tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub heterozygous xeev. Tom qab muaj ntau hom kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob tsis-allelic tau tshawb pom, cov kws tshawb fawb tau piav qhia txog tam sim no yam tsis tau piav qhia txog cov qub txeeg qub teg thiab tau txais cov lus teb rau ntau cov lus nug.

cov qauv ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob uas tsis yog-allelic
cov qauv ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob uas tsis yog-allelic

Nws tau pom tias kev tswj cov noob ncaj qha nyob ntawm cov enzymes. Cov enzymes no tso cai rau cov noob los ua qhov sib txawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob caj noob ces allelic thiab non-allelic tau ua raws li tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab cov qauv. Qhov no coj mus rau qhov xaus tias qhov qub txeeg qub teg tsis yog nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej uas cov noob sib cuam tshuam, thiab yog vim li cas rau qhov kev sib kis ntawm cov cwj pwm nyob hauv cov noob lawv tus kheej.

Kev tsis sib haum xeeb yog qhov tshwj xeeb, uas ua rau nws tuaj yeem tau txais kev sib txuas tshiab ntawm cov yam ntxwv uas txiav txim siab qib tshiab ntawm kev ciaj sia thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob.

Non-allelic noob

Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob caj noob ces allelic thiab non-allelic
Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob caj noob ces allelic thiab non-allelic

Non-allelic yog cov noob uas nyob hauv thaj chaw sib txawv ntawm cov chromosomes uas tsis yog homologous. Lawv muaj ib tug synthesis muaj nuj nqi, tab sis lawv encode lub tsim ntawm ntau yam proteins uas ua rau txawv cov cim. Cov noob zoo li no, sib cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm ntau qhov sib xyaw ua ke:

  • Ib yam zoo yuav yog vim muaj kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam sib txawv kiag li.
  • Ntau yam zoo yuav nyob ntawm ib lub noob.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov noob no yog qhov nyuaj dua li kev cuam tshuam nrog allelic. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua yam kev tawm tsam no muaj nws tus yam ntxwv thiab tus yam ntxwv.

Yuav ua li cas yog hom kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob uas tsis yog allelic?

  • Epistasis.
  • YPolymeria.
  • Kev sib tw.
  • Kev txiav txim ntawm cov noob hloov pauv.
  • Pleiotropic interaction.

Txhua tusntawm cov kev sib cuam tshuam no muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb thiab manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej txoj kev.

Peb yuav tsum nyob ntawm lawv txhua tus kom ntxaws ntxiv.

Qhov kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob uas tsis yog-allelic - epistasis - tau pom thaum ib tus noob txwv tsis pub lwm tus ua haujlwm (cov noob txwv tsis pub hu ua epistatic, thiab cov noob txwv tsis pub hu ua hypostatic gene).

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov noob no tuaj yeem ua tau zoo lossis rov ua dua. Dominant epistasis yog pom thaum lub epistatic gene (feem ntau yog qhia los ntawm tsab ntawv I, yog tias nws tsis muaj lwm yam, phenotypic manifestation) suppresses cov noob hypostatic (feem ntau yog denoted B los yog b). Recessive epistasis tshwm sim thaum lub recessive allele ntawm cov noob epistatic inhibits qhov kev qhia ntawm ib qho ntawm cov alleles ntawm hypostatic gene.

Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob tsis-allelic epistasis
Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob tsis-allelic epistasis

Splitting raws li phenotypic zoo, nrog rau txhua hom kev sib cuam tshuam, kuj txawv. Nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb epistasis, daim duab hauv qab no feem ntau pom: nyob rau tiam thib ob, raws li phenotypes, kev faib yuav ua raws li hauv qab no - 13: 3, 7: 6: 3 lossis 12: 3: 1. Nws tag nrho yog nyob ntawm seb cov noob sib txawv.

Nrog kev rov ua dua tshiab, kev faib yog: 9: 3: 4, 9: 7, 13: 3.

Kev sib tw

Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob tsis yog allelic, nyob rau hauv uas, thaum tseem ceeb alleles ntawm ntau yam zoo sib xyaw ua ke, ib qho tshiab, tam sim no tsis pom phenotype raug tsim, thiab hu ua complementarity.

Piv txwv li, hom tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov noob no feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov nroj tsuag (tshwj xeeb yog taub dag).

Yog hais tias lub genotype ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj ib tug dominant allele A los yog B, ces cov zaub tau txais ib tug spherical duab. Yog hais tias lub genotype yog recessive, ces cov duab ntawm lub fetus feem ntau elongated.

Yog tias muaj ob qho tseem ceeb alleles (A thiab B) nyob rau hauv genotype tib lub sijhawm, lub taub taub yuav ua tau zoo li disc. Yog tias peb txuas ntxiv hla (piv txwv li txuas ntxiv qhov kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob uas tsis yog-allelic nrog cov taub ntawm cov kab ntshiab), ces nyob rau tiam thib ob koj tuaj yeem tau txais 9 tus neeg uas muaj cov duab zoo li disc, 6 nrog cov duab kheej kheej thiab ib lub taub elongated.

Kev sib tw no tso cai rau koj kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, hybrid ntawm cov nroj tsuag nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb.

Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, hom kev sib cuam tshuam no ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm kev hnov lus (ib lub noob rau kev loj hlob ntawm cochlea, lwm yam rau lub paj hlwb), thiab nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb zoo, lag ntseg tshwm.

YPolymeria

Ntau zaus qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus cwj pwm tsis yog nyob ntawm qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam lossis rov ua haujlwm ntawm cov noob, tab sis ntawm lawv tus lej. Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob tsis-allelic - polymeria - yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov tshwm sim.

Cov tshuaj polymeric ntawm cov noob tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog cov txiaj ntsig sib xyaw (sau) lossis tsis muaj nws. Thaum sib sau ua ke, qib ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus cwj pwm zoo nyob ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob tag nrho (qhov ntau cov noob, qhov zoo tshaj qhov zoo). Cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv uas muaj cov nyhuv zoo sib xws tau muab faib ua raws li hauv qab no - 1: 4: 6: 4: 1 (qhov kev qhia ntawm tus cwj pwm txo qis, piv txwv li hauv ib tus neeg qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog tshaj tawm, hauv lwm tus nws qhov kev ploj tuag yog pom mus txog qhov ploj mus.).

Yog tsis pom qhov kev txiav txim siab, ceslub manifestation ntawm ib tug zoo nyob ntawm dominant alleles. Yog tias muaj tsawg kawg yog ib qho allele, qhov zoo yuav tshwm sim. Nrog cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws, kev sib cais hauv cov xeeb ntxwv pib hauv qhov piv ntawm 15: 1.

Kev txiav txim ntawm cov noob hloov pauv

Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob tsis-allelic, tswj los ntawm kev ua ntawm kev hloov pauv, yog qhov tsawg. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam yog raws li hauv qab no:

  • Piv txwv li, muaj D gene lub luag haujlwm rau xim siv. Hauv lub xeev tseem ceeb, cov noob no tswj cov tsos ntawm cov xim, thaum tsim cov genotype recessive rau cov noob no, txawm tias muaj lwm cov noob uas tswj cov xim ncaj qha, "xim dilution effect" yuav tshwm sim, uas feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv. Mis nyuj dawb nas.
  • hom kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob tsis-allelic
    hom kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob tsis-allelic
  • Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim no yog qhov pom ntawm qhov pom ntawm lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj. Piv txwv li, muaj F gene, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb uas yog qhov sib xws ntawm cov xim ntaub plaub. Nrog rau kev tsim cov genotype recessive, lub tsho tiv no yuav xim tsis sib xws, nrog rau cov tsos, piv txwv li, ntawm cov pob dawb nyob rau hauv ib los yog lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub cev.

Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob tsis-allelic hauv tib neeg yog qhov tsawg heev.

Pleiotropy

Nyob hauv hom kev sib cuam tshuam no, ib lub noob tswj kev qhia lossis cuam tshuam rau qib kev qhia ntawm lwm cov noob.

Hauv tsiaj, pleiotropy tshwm sim nws tus kheej raws li hauv qab no:

  • Nyob rau hauv nas, dwarfism yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm pleiotropy. Nws tau raug pom tias thaum hla phenotypically ib txwm nas nyob rau hauvNyob rau hauv thawj tiam, tag nrho cov nas tau tig los ua neeg dwarf. Nws tau xaus lus tias dwarfism yog tshwm sim los ntawm ib tug recessive gene. Recessive homozygotes nres loj hlob, lawv cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev thiab cov qog tsis tau tsim. Cov noob dwarfism no cuam tshuam txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog pituitary hauv nas, uas ua rau txo qis hauv cov tshuaj hormone synthesis thiab ua rau tag nrho cov kev tshwm sim.
  • Platinum xim hauv hma. Pleiotropy nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog manifested los ntawm ib tug tuag noob, uas, thaum ib tug tseem ceeb homozygote tau tsim, ua rau tuag ntawm embryos.
  • Hauv tib neeg, kev sib cuam tshuam pleiotropic tau pom hauv phenylketonuria nrog rau Marfan's syndrome.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam tsis yog kev sib cuam tshuam

Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus evolutionary, tag nrho cov saum toj no hom kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm non-allelic noob ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov noob tshiab ua rau pom cov yam ntxwv tshiab thiab cov khoom muaj sia nyob. Qee zaum, cov cim qhia no ua rau muaj sia nyob ntawm lub cev, hauv lwm tus, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, lawv ua rau cov tib neeg tuag uas yuav sawv tawm ntawm lawv cov tsiaj.

complementarity kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm non-allelic noob
complementarity kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm non-allelic noob

Non-allelic kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov noob yog siv dav hauv kev yug me nyuam. Qee hom kab mob muaj sia nyob tau khaws cia vim qhov kev sib txuas ntawm cov noob no. Lwm hom tsiaj tau txais cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no (piv txwv li, yug tsiaj txhu tshiab nrog lub cev muaj zog thiab lub cev muaj zog dua li nws niam nws txiv).

Kev ua haujlwm tab tom pib siv cov hom qub txeeg qub teg hauv tib neeg rautshem tawm cov yam ntxwv tsis zoo los ntawm tib neeg genome thiab tsim cov genotype tshiab, tsis muaj qhov tsis xws luag.

Pom zoo: