Toothache tej zaum yog qhov kev ntxhov siab tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Tsis ntev los sis tom qab, txhua leej txhua tus ntsib nws, mob thiab phem. Tab sis yog tias qee zaum txhua yam nqi tsuas yog me ntsis ntshav - kev kho mob, ces qee zaum koj yuav tsum tau mus rau qhov ntsuas huab cua - prosthetics. Dab tsi yog qhov qhia txog kev teeb tsa cov hniav hniav, lawv yog dab tsi thiab yuav xaiv lawv li cas?
History of tshwm sim
Tib neeg ib txwm muaj teeb meem ntawm lawv cov hniav, tab sis tsis ntev los no nws tau dhau los ua daim npog ntsej muag kom hniav zoo nkauj. Kom txog rau thaum lub xyoo pua kaum yim, los ntawm cov niaj hnub orthopedics suav, hniav hniav kuj muaj, tab sis lawv tau ua los ntawm nees los yog walrus hniav, los ntawm cov pob txha ntawm ntxhw thiab lwm yam tsiaj loj. Zoo sib xws prostheses tau txuas mus rau cov neeg nyob sib ze siv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub los yog nyiaj hlau - tsis yog tus tsim kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws, tab sis tib neeg tsis muaj kev xaiv, thiab yog li qhov kev tsim khoom tau xav tau.
Txawm mus txog thaum ntawd, txawm li cas los xij, raws li ib tus neeg Fab Kis los ntawm lub npe Fauchard tsis tau koom nrog qhov teeb meem no. Thaum kawg ntawm lub nees nkaum xyoo pua, nws yog tus thawj inventedmuab lub kaus mom ntawm cov hniav tawg. Fauchard tau tsim cov kaus mom no, tseem nyob hauv kaus ntxhw, tab sis coated nrog kub. Fauchard tom qab piav qhia tag nrho nws cov kev txhim kho hauv kev ua haujlwm voluminous, uas tom qab ntawd dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho kev kho hniav thiab kho hniav.
Vim li cas thiaj xav tau
Tiag tiag, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub yog dab tsi? Vim li cas koj tsis tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm cov khoom ntim zoo tib yam? Cov hniav txhaws yog qhov zoo, tau kawg, tab sis yog tias cov hniav puas tag, ces tsis muaj qhov txhaws yuav pab tau. Tab sis tom qab tag nrho, qhov kev tshem tawm, uas ntau tus neeg mob xav tau, kuj tsis yog panacea. Kev siv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub yog tsim los kom txuag tau cov hniav lwj, kho nws cov haujlwm, suav nrog zom, thiab tiv thaiv nws ntawm cov kab mob caries. Ua tsaug rau lub kaus mom, cov pob txha cov ntaub so ntswg yuav tsis raug puas tsuaj ntxiv, qhov raug tom yuav raug khaws cia, ntxiv rau, nws zoo li zoo nkauj dua thaum luag ntxhi - tsis zoo li cov khoom tsis sib xws lossis qhov khoob dub tom qab rub tawm.
Thaum xav tau cov kaus mom
Muaj ntau ntau yam laj thawj vim li cas lub kaus mom tau pom zoo heev. Ua ntej, qhov no yuav tsum tau ua yog hais tias tus hniav yog ntau tshaj li tsib caug feem pua puas tsuaj - thiab qhov no yog tib txoj kev uas yuav cawm tau nws (cov hniav rho tawm tsis yog ib qho kev xaiv ntawm no), tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yog hais tias cov hlab ntsha ploj lawm. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, tsis muaj qhov txhaws lossis ib qho inlay (hauv lwm lo lus, microprosthetics) yuav pab tau zoo, vim tias lawv yuav tsis tuaj yeem txo qis thaum zom cov zaub mov uas cov hniav no tau txais. Yog hais tias tus hniav tsis zoo thiab tsis muaj mob, zoo ib yamlub siab tsis hem nws nrog dab tsi, tab sis raug kev puas tsuaj loj heev, nws tsuas tuaj yeem tiv tsis tau qhov kev tawm tsam no, nws yuav sib cais - thiab tom qab ntawd yuav tsis muaj lwm txoj hauv kev tab sis tshem tawm nws.
Lwm qhov laj thawj rau nruab cov hniav hniav yog nce cov hniav hnav, feem ntau pathological. Ib txoj kev zoo sib xws yuav tsum tau ua txawm tias tus neeg mob muaj kab mob periodontitis, los yog muaj qhov tshwm sim siab heev lawv yuav pib stagger nyob rau yav tom ntej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug sib cais cov hniav, lub puab tsaig raug mob, yuav tsum tau rau nruab ib tug choj prosthesis, ib tug hloov nyob rau hauv cov xim ntawm cov hniav, thaum tshem tawm interdental chaw - nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov no, cov hniav crowns raug pom zoo rau cov neeg mob.
Contraindications rau kev teeb tsa
Yog tias muaj cov lus qhia, ces yuav tsum muaj contraindications - qhov kev xav no ua haujlwm rau txhua qhov xwm txheej, thiab cov hniav hniav tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv kev ncaj ncees, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias lawv xyaum tsis mus rau prosthetics: lawv tsuas siv tau rau cov poj niam cev xeeb tub - lawv tsuas yog yuav crowned nyob rau hauv lub thib ob peb lub hlis twg. Koj tsis tuaj yeem ua qhov no hauv thawj zaug (tus menyuam hauv plab nyuam qhuav tsim), lossis hauv peb lub hlis thib peb, vim tias muaj kev pheej hmoo ua mob rau tus menyuam hauv plab. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev teeb tsa ntawm cov yas uas tsis zoo ntawm qhov ncauj tsis pom zoo.
Nyob ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub
Crowns yog tsim los ntawm ntau yam khoom, thiab nyob ntawm qhov no, lawv muab faib ua hom. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv txawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm - muaj cov qauv kev txhawb nqa uas pab txhawb kev zom zaub mov, thiab muaj cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab uas tiv thaiv.kev puas tsuaj ntxiv. Kuj tseem muaj plaub hom kev kho hniav yas raws li txoj kev tsim khoom. Thawj yog stamped crowns, uas yog "cap" ua los ntawm ib qho (ib yam) khoom. Lawv yog cov nyiaj txiag heev thiab tsis tas yuav tsum tau ua ntej depulpation ntawm cov hniav, txawm li cas los xij, lawv muaj qhov tsis zoo: cov khoom noj khib nyiab tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv lawv thiab rhuav tshem cov enamel. Qhov thib ob yog cam khwb cia crowns, lawv kuj muaj tib yam khoom, tab sis lawv yog ua raws li ib tug cam khwb cia ntawm ib tug hniav los ntawm plaster. Qhov no yog txoj kev tsim khoom nrov tshaj plaws, txij li nws tsis tas yuav muaj cov nqi nyiaj txiag loj, tab sis tib lub sijhawm cov khoom siv tau ruaj khov. Cov yas zoo li no feem ntau ntsia rau ntawm cov hniav zom. Koj tuaj yeem ua rau lawv ob qho tib si los ntawm cov hlau ntshiab thiab teeb nrog kub.
Txoj kev thib peb yog cov yas yas, qhov pheej yig tshaj plaws thiab pheej yig tshaj. Lawv kuj zoo nkauj heev, tab sis lawv tsis saib zoo nkauj heev, thiab yog li ntawd inferior rau lawv cov cam khwb cia counterparts. Lawv feem ntau muab tso rau ntawm cov hniav, yog li tsis txhob ci nrog ib tug hlau fixation nrog ib tug dav luag (zoo, tshwj tsis yog tias ib tug neeg xav tau qhov no). Cov kws tshaj lij tau sau tseg tias thaum txhim kho cov hniav hlau hniav, qhov tsis hnov tsw tsw qab thiab kub hnyiab tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv qhov ncauj. Thaum kawg, plaub hom crowns ua ke. Qhov no txhais tau tias lawv muaj lub hauv paus hlau interspersed nrog lwm yam khoom, xws li yas.
Zoo, tam sim no nws yog lub sijhawm los tham kom ntxaws ntxiv txog cov khoom siv uas tuaj yeem ua tau. Tom qab kev teeb tsa, ib qho ntawm lawv tau kho nrog cov cement tshwj xeeb rau cov hniav hniav. Qhov zoo thiabqhov tsis zoo ntawm txhua tus tau piav qhia hauv qab no.
Metal
Cov kaus mom zoo li no yog cov tho kev, cov tho kev - lawv tau tshwm sim ntev dhau los thiab raug suav tias yog cov hniav hniav zoo tshaj plaws rau lub sijhawm ntev. Txog rau hnub no, lawv qhov txiaj ntsig tsis txaus ntseeg yog lawv tus nqi qis, ntxiv rau, lawv lub zog thiab kev ua haujlwm tau txais kev hwm: cov hlau zoo tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ncaj ncees rau lawv tus tswv txog kaum tsib xyoos, uas yog lub sijhawm zoo rau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Hlau hniav yas tsis raug corrosion, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov neeg nyob ze noj qab haus huv. Lawv tsis raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev zom thaum zom, ua haujlwm zoo nrog cov haujlwm no thiab xis nyob, tab sis ntxiv rau qhov zoo, lawv kuj muaj ntau qhov tsis zoo. Cov tsos mob tsis zoo twb tau hais tseg lawm, ntxiv rau, cov yas zoo li no nyuaj heev kom raug thiab nruj haum rau cov hniav, uas yog vim li cas thiaj li muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov khoom noj hauv qab lawv.
Metal crowns yog ua los ntawm titanium, steel, kub-plated steel, platinum, thiab lwm yam. Feem ntau, lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los yog coated nrog lawv. Nws yuav tsum tau borne nyob rau hauv lub siab hais tias nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los ua ib tug crown ntawm ob peb hlau ib zaug. Los yog, koj tuaj yeem - tab sis koj yuav tsum tsis txhob siv cov khoom zoo li no.
YTitanium
Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm titanium hniav nyiaj hniav kub thov tias hom no muaj ntau yam tsis zoo tshaj qhov zoo. Qhov tseeb, tsuas muaj ob lub pluses - tus nqi thiab qhov tsis muaj qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom cov hniav kom zoo. Tab sis raws li rau cov shortcomings, ntawm no nws yoghnyav dua: ob lub titanium crowns hnav sai sai, thiab lawv tsis haum snugly, thiab lawv tsis zoo li kub. Cov prostheses no kuj tsis tuaj yeem tiv nrog kev zom zom ib puas feem pua, thiab ntau tus kws kho hniav hauv paus tsis ua haujlwm nrog titanium, vim nws yog carcinogenic.
Yuav ua li cas pheej yig thiab dab tuag titanium yas, ib yam li kim thiab ntxim nyiam ceramics. Ceramics ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tau ib tug prosthesis uas yog indistinguishable nyob rau hauv cov xim los ntawm ib tug tiag tiag hniav, ntxiv rau, vim hais tias xws crowns tsis oxidize, lawv yog tiag tiag qhov zoo tshaj plaws kev xaiv rau installation rau pem hauv ntej cov hniav. Ntawm lwm yam, lawv yog cov feem ntau biocompatible thiab, nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo scenario, yog heev check; Txawm li cas los xij, ceramics, alas, tsis tuaj yeem khav ntawm lub zog zoo tagnrho. Nws yog vim li no tias lawv tsis haum rau zom cov hniav. Tab sis lawv kuj yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg ib co drawback? Los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog ceramic crowns uas tau muab tso rau los ntawm ntau tus neeg ua yeeb yam Hollywood.
Porcelain
Raws li koj tuaj yeem twv, porcelain crowns txawv los ntawm tus nqi siab heev, thiab qhov no tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom siv no. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov yas yas no suav nrog qhov tsis muaj peev xwm txhim kho lawv ntawm tag nrho cov kab - tsuas yog ntawm ib tus hniav. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho teeb meem tag nrho los ua rau lawv: qhov no tuaj yeem ua tau tsuas yog hauv cov tuam txhab uas cov kws tshaj lij plooj (porcelain) ua haujlwm. Tab sis raws li cov ntaub ntawv sab nraud, tsis muaj lwm cov yas tuaj yeem muab piv nrog cov porcelain yas.
kub
Golden dental crowns tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau txog nees nkaum xyoo dhau los. Lawv muaj ntau yam zoo:siab compatibility nrog tib neeg lub cev, tsis muaj o thiab / los yog ua xua, inertness, lawv yuav tsis raug corrosion thiab tsis suav nrog kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem lwj. Cov hniav kub zoo haum rau cov pos hniav, ua kom cov hniav zoo nkauj dua, ntxiv rau, lawv tiv thaiv cov hniav zoo kawg nkaus los ntawm cov kab mob.
Kev ua haujlwm zom nrog cov yas zoo sib xws tau rov qab los nrog lub suab nrov, thiab koj tuaj yeem siv tau ntev heev. Raws li qhov tsis zoo, uas yog, kub ua cov khoom siv rau prostheses thiab lawv yog tus nqi siab ntawm kev ua haujlwm.
YPlastic
Thawj qhov uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov txog cov yas hniav yas yog tias lawv tsis muab tso rau lub sijhawm ntev, tsuas yog lub sijhawm luv luv li hloov ib ntus. Rau kev hnav ntev ntev, cov yas prostheses tsis haum - yas yog stained nrog zaub mov. Vim li cas thiaj muab qhov hloov pauv ntawd? Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog kom cov hniav tig tsis tuaj yeem sib cuag nrog qhov chaw sab nraud thaum lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj tau npaj rau lawv. Cov hniav yas yog tsim sai, pheej yig, thiab zoo li cov hniav zoo tiag tiag. Thiab ntawm qhov no, tej zaum, qhov suav ntawm lawv qhov zoo tuaj yeem ua tiav.
Raws li qhov tsis zoo, daim ntawv teev npe ntawm no tsis tshua muaj ntev: acrylic, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua, yog cov tshuaj tsis haum; cov khoom darkens lub sij hawm thiab los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm lwm yam; cov yas yog ntxeem tau, vim tias cov kab mob tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv qhov ncauj kab noj hniav; yas crowns hnav sai sai. Nws tsis tuaj yeem siv cov prostheses rau ntau tshaj ib xyoos.
Zirconium
Ob lub zirconium thiab txhuas yas yog cov kev xaiv hniav zoo nkauj tshaj plaws. Ob leeg thiab lwm tus yog cov yas tsis muaj hlau, los ntawm cov pos hniav tsis tsaus, tsis muaj qhov tsis haum, tsis muaj qhov khaus.
Prostheses los ntawm zirconium, los yog, los ntawm zirconia, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ruaj thiab tiv taus, thiab koj tuaj yeem siv lawv mus txog nees nkaum xyoo! Ob leeg nyob rau hauv thawj thiab nyob rau hauv nees nkaum xyoo ntawm kev ua hauj lwm, lub crown zoo nkaus li sib npaug aesthetically pleasing. Lwm qhov zoo dua ntawm xws li prosthesis yog qhov muaj peev xwm rov ua dua cov duab ntawm cov hniav thiab, raws li, nruj haum rau nws. Zirconium tsis ua rau muaj kev ua xua, uas txhais tau hais tias txawm tias cov neeg uas muaj teeb meem ntau zaus hauv qhov ncauj kab noj hniav - stomatitis, piv txwv li, siv tau.
Aluminium
Cov kaus mom no yog qhov tshiab ntawm kev lag luam kho hniav, tab sis twb tau nrov heev. Tau kawg, lawv cov nqi yog siab heev, tab sis, zoo li lawv cov zirconium counterparts, lawv zoo nkauj heev, ruaj thiab hypoallergenic. Inferior rau zirconium hauv lub zog.
Hlau ceramics
Cov no yog cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke (zoo li txhua yam hauv qab no). Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tus nqi, lawv tsis yog tus kim tshaj plaws thiab pheej yig tshaj. Qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv zoo li no suav nrog kev ua phooj ywg zoo ib puag ncig, hypoallergenicity, biocompatibility. Cov qauv hlau-ceramic hnyav me ntsis, raws li tus neeg mob tsis xis nyob thaum noj mov. Cov crowns no yog ob qho tib si txhim khu kev qha thiab zoo nkauj - ib feem hauv qhov pom tsis pom ntawm lub qhov muag yog ua los ntawm cov hlau, thiab ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv rau pej xeem yog ua los ntawm ceramics. Koj tuaj yeem nruab cov prostheses nontawm txhua tus hniav - txawm tias tom qab, txawm tias pem hauv ntej, uas txhais tau hais tias lub kaus hniav ua los ntawm cov hlau-ceramic yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Ntawm qhov tsis txaus, ib tus tuaj yeem nco ntsoov qhov translucence ntawm tus ncej thaum cov pos hniav nyias, nrog rau kev siv luv luv - tsis pub ntau tshaj kaum xyoo, txawm tias ua haujlwm ceev faj.
Metal-plastic
Koj tuaj yeem pib tam sim ntawd nrog qhov tsis zoo, thiab qhov no yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg thawj zaug. Vim muaj cov yas, tsuas yog ob lossis peb xyoos ntawm kev hnav, cov khoom siv tes ua yuav zoo li tsis muaj tseeb, tsaus nti thiab yuav tsum tau hloov. Xws li cov yas, zoo li cov yas yas, feem ntau yog siv los ua ib ntus. Nws tsis pom zoo kom siv lawv rau ntau tshaj peb xyoos. Qhov zoo ntawm qhov prosthesis no yog tus nqi qis.
Metal-porcelain
Muaj peev xwm tswj tau cov xim ntuj rau lub sijhawm ntev yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam sab nraud. Lawv yog cov kim heev thiab, hmoov tsis, tsis haum rau txhua tus neeg: cov yas no tsis tuaj yeem ntsia tau rau cov neeg uas muaj malocclusion thiab cov hniav tsis yooj yim. Tsis tas li, cov khoom siv no tsis tuaj yeem siv los ua tus choj.
Yuav ua li cas xaiv qhov zoo
Thaum txiav txim siab txog cov khoom siv rau cov hniav hniav, koj yuav tsum xub xav txog qhov twg lub kaus mom yuav nyob. Cov hniav zom yuav tsum tau cov hniav uas muaj zog dua - lawv tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov siab tshaj plaws. Kev zoo nkauj yog qhov tseem ceeb dua rau cov hniav pem hauv ntej kom lub ntsej muag luag ntxhi. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais 100% uas cov hniav hniav zoo dua - nws nyob ntawm ntau yam. Piv txwv li, rau pem hauv ntej nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plawscov ntaub ntawv xws li ceramics los yog cermets yog haum, rau sab sawv daws yuav - hlau, cermet, kub. Feem ntau, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas qhov kev xaiv yog ua ke nrog tus kws kho hniav, leej twg tuaj yeem coj mus rau hauv tus account tag nrho cov kev xav tau thiab, los ntawm kev sib txuas tus nqi, zoo thiab qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm tus neeg mob, muaj peev xwm xaiv qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws.
theem kev txhim kho
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias yuav muaj dab tsi tshwm sim ua ntej tus txheej txheem nws tus kheej. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txhim kho cov hniav ntawm cov hniav muaj ntau theem. Thawj yog kev kuaj xyuas los ntawm kws kho mob thiab x-ray. Yog tias muaj laj thawj rau qhov ntawd, cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog kev kho mob, ntxuav, txhaws thiab tshem tawm cov hlab ntsha. Depulpation feem ntau ua tau ntau zaus thaum txhim kho cov hniav hniav - qhov no txo qhov kev pheej hmoo.
Theem tom ntej yog tig tus hniav, thiab tom qab ntawd tsim kev xav. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm no cam hais tias lub prosthesis yuav ua - qhov no yog lub tom ntej no theem ntawm installation. Cov txheej txheem no yuav siv sijhawm ntev npaum li cas, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais, vim txhua tus yog tus kheej. Tab sis feem ntau, kev tsim cov yas yuav siv sij hawm los ntawm peb mus rau kaum plaub hnub. Thaum nws npaj txhij, nws yog lub sijhawm rau theem tom ntej - haum. Ntawm nws, yog tias tsim nyog, cov khoom raug kho kom haum raws li qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov pos hniav. Thiab tsuas yog tom qab tag nrho cov manipulations, qhov kawg theem yog thaum kawg - lub installation ntawm prosthesis nyob rau hauv tus neeg mob lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav. Txog qhov kawg no, cov kws kho mob siv cov nplaum tshwj xeeb rau cov hniav hniav.
Tus nqi
Tus nqi ncaj qha nyob ntawm hom hniav hniav. Lawv cov nqi sib txawv ntawm plaub(kwv yees) txog li nees nkaum txhiab rubles. Yog li, piv txwv li, qhov pheej yig tshaj plaws - cov hlau - yuav raug nqi tsawg kawg yog plaub txhiab nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev kho mob zoo, txog tib tus nqi yuav raug nqi cov khoom ua los ntawm cov hlau-yas. Ceramics yuav nce ntawm kaum txhiab, thiab cermets ntawm kaum tsib. Porcelain prostheses nyob rau tib theem, tab sis zirconium tseem kim dua, nyob rau hauv nees nkaum txhiab rubles. Tus nqi ntawm cov hniav hniav tuaj yeem sib txawv me ntsis nyob ntawm qhov chaw kho mob qhov chaw teeb tsa.
Nyob hauv qab lub kaus
Yuav ua li cas yog tias ib tug neeg pib hnov mob hauv cov hniav hniav? Thiab puas ua tau? Tau kawg muaj. Feem ntau, qhov no tshwm sim vim kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob thib ob. Thiab nws yooj yim tuaj yeem tshwm sim yog tias cov channel raug kho tsis zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, mob hniav nyob rau hauv lub kaus mom tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm cov khoom noj uas tau txais hauv qab cov pob qij txha thiab ua rau mob. Ua li ntawd, yog hais tias tus hniav nyob rau hauv lub crown yog mob, qhov no yog ib qho teeb meem uas koj yuav tsum tau tam sim ntawd mus rau tus kws kho mob, tshem tawm cov prosthesis, kho qhov teeb meem thiab rov nruab cov qauv. Txwv tsis pub, nrog qhov tshwm sim loj tshaj plaws, cov hniav hauv qab lub kaus mom yuav tawg tag - thiab tom qab ntawd rooj plaub yuav xaus nrog nws qhov poob.
Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj kom koj cov hniav tag nrho, noj qab nyob zoo thiab tsis zoo, tab sis yog tias koj tseem muaj lus nug txog qhov yuav tsum tau muaj cov hniav prosthesis, koj yuav tsum sab laj nrog kws kho mob ua ntej txiav txim siab. Tsis tas yuav ntshai thiab maj, vim qhov no prosthesis yuav nyob nrog koj mus ib txhis.
