Cov qog pituitary, cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm uas yuav tau tham tom qab, yog lub cev ntawm cov kab mob endocrine. Nws muaj 3 ntu. Cia peb xav txog ntau yam kev ua haujlwm ntawm pituitary caj pas ntawm lub hlwb muaj nyob. Cov khoom siv ntxiv yog muab rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm tsab xov xwm. Tshwj xeeb, ib lub rooj tau muab tso ua ke. Cov haujlwm ntawm lub caj pas pituitary tau piav qhia luv luv hauv nws.
Kev sib tw
Lub caj pas pituitary zoo li cas? Kev ua haujlwm, kev kho mob, kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tag nrho yog txiav txim siab los ntawm lub xeev ntawm cov ntshav ncig. Qee qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntshav muab rau hauv lub cev hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej muaj kev txiav txim siab rau kev tswj hwm ntawm nws txoj haujlwm.
Cov ceg ntawm cov hlab ntsha carotid (sab hauv) thiab lub voj voog ntawm Willis tsim cov kwj dej sab sauv thiab sab hauv ntawm lub cev. Thawj cov ntaub ntawv muaj zog txaus capillary network nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm qhov nruab nrab eminence ntawm lub hypothalamus. Kev sib koom ua ke, cov hlab ntsha tsim cov hlab ntsha ntev portal. Lawv nqis los rau hauv lub adenohypophysis raws li stalk thiab tsim ib tug plexus ntawm sinusoidal capillaries nyob rau hauv lub anterior lobe. Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj cov khoom siv ncaj qha rau hauv lub cev no. Ntshav nkag los ntawm qhov nruab nrab eminence los ntawm lub portal system. Cov yam ntxwv no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev tswj hwm ntawm txhua txoj haujlwm ntawm lub lobe anterior.pituitary. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias axons nyob rau hauv lub neurosecretory hlwb ntawm lub hypothalamus nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub nruab nrab eminence daim ntawv axovasal junctions.
Neurosecret thiab tswj peptides los ntawm cov hlab ntsha portal nkag mus rau hauv adenohypophysis. Lub posterior ib feem ntawm lub cev tau txais cov ntshav los ntawm cov hlab ntsha inferior. Lub adenohypophysis muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws tam sim no siv, thiab nws qib siab dua li lwm cov ntaub so ntswg.
Cov hlab ntsha ntawm lub lob anterior nkag mus rau venules ntawm lub lobe tom qab. Lub outflow ntawm lub cev yog nqa tawm mus rau hauv lub venous cavernous sinus nyob rau hauv ib tug tawv plhaub, thiab ces mus rau hauv lub general network. Feem ntau ntawm cov ntshav ntws rov qab mus rau qhov nruab nrab eminence. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tawm tswv yim mechanisms ntawm lub hypothalamus thiab pituitary caj pas. Sympathetic innervation ntawm arterial hlab ntsha yog nqa tawm los ntawm postganglionic fibers hla lub network ntawm cov hlab ntsha.
Pituitary caj pas: qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm (luv luv)
Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, muaj peb chav haujlwm hauv lub cev nug. Lub anterior hu ua adenohypophysis. Raws li morphological nta, ntu no yog caj pas ntawm epithelial keeb kwm. Nws muaj ntau hom kab mob endocrine.
Lub lobe tom qab hu ua neurohypophysis. Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv embryogenesis raws li ib tug bulging ntawm lub ventral hypothalamus thiab yog txawv los ntawm nws hom neuroectodermal keeb kwm. Hauv qab seem muaj pituicids - spindle hlwb thiab neuronal hypothalamic axons.
Cov lobe nruab nrab (zoo ib yam li lub lobe anterior) muaj cov epithelialkeeb kwm. Lub tuam tsev no tau xyaum tsis tuaj hauv tib neeg, tab sis tau qhia meej meej, piv txwv li, hauv nas, nyuj thiab nyuj me. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov lobe nruab nrab hauv tib neeg yog ua los ntawm ib pawg me me ntawm cov hlwb nyob rau sab xub ntiag ntawm thaj av tom qab, ua haujlwm thiab embryologically cuam tshuam nrog adenohypophysis. Tom ntej no, xav txog cov lus piav qhia saum toj no kom ntxaws ntxiv.
YKev tsim cov tshuaj hormones
Structurally, lub anterior lobe ntawm lub caj pas pituitary yog sawv cev los ntawm yim hom hlwb, tsib ntawm uas muaj secretory muaj nuj nqi. Cov ntsiab lus no suav nrog, tshwj xeeb:
- Somatotrophs. Cov no yog liab acidophilic ntsiab nrog me me granules. Lawv tsim kev loj hlob hormone.
- Lactotrophs. Cov no yog cov xim daj acidophilic nrog cov granules loj. Lawv tsim prolactin.
- Thyrotrophs yog basophilic. Cov hlwb no tsim cov thyroid-stimulating hormone.
- YBasophilic gonadotrophs. Cov ntsiab lus no tsim LH thiab FSH (gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating thiab luteinizing hormones).
- YBasophilic corticotrophs. Cov ntsiab lus no tsim cov tshuaj adrenocorticotropic hormone corticotropin. Tsis tas li ntawm no, xws li hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntu nruab nrab, melanotropin thiab beta-endorphin raug tsim. Cov tebchaw no tau muab los ntawm cov qauv ua ntej ntawm lipotropin compounds.
YCorticotropin
Nws yog ib qho khoom tawg ntawm cov glycoprotein loj heev proopiomelanocortin, uas yog tsim los ntawm basophilic corticotrophs. Qhov no protein compound muab faib ua obntu. Qhov thib ob ntawm lawv - lipotropin - splits thiab muab endorphin peptide ntxiv rau melanotropin. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv mob (antinociceptive) system thiab hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj hormones adenohypophysis.
Lub cev muaj zog ntawm corticotropin
Lawv muab faib ua ntxiv-adrenal thiab adrenal. Cov tom kawg yog suav tias yog cov tseem ceeb. Raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm corticotropin, cov synthesis ntawm cov tshuaj hormones nce. Nrog lawv ntau dhau, hyperplasia thiab hypertrophy ntawm adrenal cortex tshwm sim. Extraadrenal action yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov teebmeem hauv qab no:
- nce ntau lawm ntawm somatotropin thiab insulin.
- Lipolytic nyhuv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg adipose.
- Hypoglycemia vim kev txhawb nqa ntawm insulin secretion.
- Kev nce ntxiv ntawm melanin nrog hyperpigmentation vim kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tshuaj hormonal molecule nrog melanotropin.
Nrog rau ntau tshaj ntawm corticotropin, kev loj hlob ntawm hypercortisolism tau sau tseg, nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm kev tsim cov cortisol hauv cov qog adrenal. Cov kab mob no hu ua Itsenko-Cushing's disease. Txo kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub qog pituitary provokes tsis txaus ntawm glucocorticoids. Nws yog nrog los ntawm kev hloov pauv metabolic ntawm qhov tshwm sim thiab kev ua tsis zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig.
Gonadotropic muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub caj pas pituitary
Kev tsim cov khoom sib txuas los ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes tshwj xeeb yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev hais tawm kom meej meej rau cov txiv neej thiab poj niam. Cov haujlwm ntawm lub caj pas pituitary tau paub txog qhov no los ntawm adenylate cyclase-cAMP system. Lawv lub ntsiabtus cawv yog coj mus rau cov ntu kev sib deev. Hauv qhov no, qhov kev txiav txim txuas ntxiv tsis yog rau kev tsim thiab tso tawm cov tshuaj hormones, tab sis kuj rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov qe ntshav thiab zes qe menyuam vim yog kev sib txuas ntawm follitropin rau cov cellular receptors ntawm lub hauv paus follicle. Qhov no ua rau muaj cov nyhuv morphogenetic txawv, tshwm sim raws li kev loj hlob ntawm cov hauv paus hniav hauv zes qe menyuam thiab kev loj hlob hauv granulosa hlwb hauv cov poj niam, nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog, spermatogenesis thiab proliferation ntawm Sertoli ntsiab hauv cov txiv neej.
Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj hormones poj niam txiv neej, follitropin tsuas muaj qhov cuam tshuam. Vim nws, cov txheej txheem secretory tau npaj rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lutropin. Tsis tas li ntawd, steroid biosynthesis enzymes yog stimulated. Lutropin provokes ovulation thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub corpus luteum nyob rau hauv lub zes qe menyuam, thiab nyob rau hauv lub testes nws nkoos lub Leiding hlwb. Nws yog suav hais tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb steroid rau activating tsim thiab zus tau tej cov androgens, progesterone thiab estrogens. Kev txhim kho zoo tshaj plaws ntawm gonads thiab kev tsim cov tshuaj steroids yog ua kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lutropin thiab follitropin. Hauv qhov no, lawv feem ntau ua ke raws li lub npe "gonadotropins".
Thyrotropin: cov lus qhia dav dav
Kev tso tawm ntawm cov tshuaj glycoprotein no tau ua tsis tu ncua nrog kev hloov pauv meej meej txhua hnub. Nws qhov siab tshaj plaws concentration tau sau tseg hauv cov xuab moos ua ntej pw tsaug zog. Kev tswj hwm yog ua los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub qog pituitary thiab cov thyroid caj pas. Thyrotropin txhim kho qhov tso tawm ntawm tetraiodothyronine thiab triiodothyronine. Cov lus teb kaw ob qho tib si nyob rau theem ntawm hypothalamus thiab vim yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub caj pas pituitary. Hauv qhov kawg, peb tab tom tham txog kev tawm tsam ntawm thyrotropin ntau lawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws cov secretion yog qeeb los ntawm glucocorticoids. Nyob rau hauv ib qho ntxiv ntim, thyrotropin yog tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm qhov kub siab ntawm lub cev. Tej yam xws li tshuaj loog, qhov mob, lossis kev raug mob ua rau nws lub zais zis.
YCov nyhuv ntawm thyrotropin
Cov tshuaj hormone no tuaj yeem khi rau ib qho receptor tshwj xeeb hauv cov thyroid follicular hlwb thiab ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam metabolic. Thyrotropin pab txhawb rau kev hloov pauv ntawm txhua yam txheej txheem metabolic, nrawm ntawm iodine uptake, kev siv ntawm cov thyroid steroids thiab thyroglobulin synthesis. Kev nce hauv qhov tso tawm ntawm cov thyroid hormones tshwm sim vim kev ua kom muaj hydrolysis ntawm thyroglobulin.
Thyrotropin nce lub cev hnyav los ntawm kev nce cov protein thiab RNA synthesis. Cov tshuaj hormones kuj muaj cov nyhuv extrathyroidal. Nws yog manifested los ntawm kev nce nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov glycosaminoglycans nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij, extraorbital thiab subcutaneous ntaub so ntswg. Qhov no, raws li txoj cai, tshwm sim vim tsis muaj cov tshuaj hormones, piv txwv li, tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm iodine deficiency. Nrog kev tso tawm ntau dhau ntawm thyrotropin, goiter tshwm sim, hyperfunction ntawm cov thyroid caj pas nrog kev tshwm sim ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov thyroid steroids (thyrotoxicosis), exophthalmos (qhov muag pom). Tag nrho cov no hauv lub complex hu ua Graves' disease.
Somatotropin
Cov tshuaj no yog tsim tas li nrog 20-30 feeb tawg hauv adenohypophyseal hlwb. Kev zais cia yog tswj hwm los ntawm somatostatin thiab somatoliberin(hypothalamic neuropeptides). Kev nce hauv kev tsim cov somatotropin tau sau tseg thaum pw tsaug zog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau theem pib.
Physiological teebmeem
Lawv cuam tshuam nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm somatotropin ntawm cov txheej txheem metabolic. Feem ntau ntawm cov teebmeem physiological yog kho los ntawm cov pob txha thiab daim siab humoral yam. Lawv hu ua somatomedins. Yog hais tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub caj pas pituitary yog qhov tsis zoo nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev nce ntxiv thiab ntev tso tawm ntawm cov tshuaj hormones, cov nyhuv ntawm cov kev lom zem ntawm cov pob txha mos yog khaws cia. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov rog thiab carbohydrate metabolism. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, somatotropin provokes hyperglycemia vim qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm glycogen hauv daim siab thiab cov leeg, nrog rau inhibition ntawm kev siv cov piam thaj hauv cov ntaub so ntswg. Cov tshuaj no ua rau kom cov tshuaj insulin ntau ntxiv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, somatotropin txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm insulinase.
Cov enzyme no muaj kev puas tsuaj rau insulin, ua rau nws tawm tsam hauv cov ntaub so ntswg. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev txhim kho ntshav qab zib (mob ntshav qab zib).
Cov haujlwm ntawm lub caj pas pituitary kuj tau tshwm sim hauv lipid metabolism. Muaj kev txhawb nqa (tso cai) cov nyhuv ntawm somatotropin ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm glucocorticoids thiab catecholamines. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lipolysis ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg adipose yog nkoos, cov concentration ntawm dawb fatty acids nyob rau hauv cov ntshav nce, muaj ntau heev tsim ntawm ketone lub cev nyob rau hauv daim siab thiab txawm nws infiltration..
Insulin kuj tseem tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog kev piav qhia ntawm cov rog metabolism. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm dysfunction ntawm lub pituitary caj pas, qhia nyob rau hauv ntau heev secretion ntawm somatotropin, yog hais tias nws manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov.thaum yau, gigantism loj hlob nrog ib tug proportional tsim ntawm lub cev thiab ceg. Nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus thiab cov hluas, muaj kev loj hlob ntawm epiphyseal ntu ntawm cov pob txha pob txha, cov cheeb tsam uas tsis tiav ossification. Cov txheej txheem no hu ua acromegaly. Nrog rau qhov tsis txaus ntawm somatotropin ntawm qhov xwm txheej, dwarfism tshwm sim, uas yog hu ua pituitary dwarfism. Cov neeg zoo li no kuj hu ua Lilliputians.
YProlactin
Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws cov tshuaj hormones tsim los ntawm lub caj pas pituitary. Qhov no steroid ua haujlwm sib txawv hauv lub cev. Nws feem ntau cuam tshuam rau cov qog mammary. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj hormones txhawb kev ua haujlwm secretory ntawm corpus luteum thiab tsim cov progesterone. Prolactin koom nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm dej-ntsev metabolism, txo cov kua dej thiab cov electrolytes, txhawb kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev, thiab txhawb kev tsim ntawm niam txoj kev xav. Ntxiv nrog rau kev txhim kho cov protein synthesis, cov tshuaj hormones tso tawm cov rog los ntawm carbohydrates, uas ua rau lub cev hnyav tom qab yug menyuam.
Cov chaw ua haujlwm tom qab thiab nruab nrab: cov lus piav qhia luv luv
Lub neurohypophysis ua haujlwm ntau dua. Tshooj lus no tseem zais cov neurohormones ntawm paraventricular thiab supraoptic nuclei hauv hypothalamus - oxytocin thiab vasopressin.
Raws li ntu nruab nrab, melanotropin yog tsim ntawm no. Cov tshuaj no synthesizes melanin, tsub kom tus nqi ntawm cov dawb pigment nyob rau hauv lub epidermis, txhim kho cov xim ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab plaub hau. Melanotropin ua haujlwm ntawm lub hlwbpeptide hauv cov txheej txheem neurochemical hauv kev nco.
In xaus
Cov lus "Kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub caj pas pituitary", nthuav tawm hauv qab no, tso cai rau koj los qhia luv luv ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm lub cev los ntawm kev txiav txim siab txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom sib txuas uas tsim los ntawm nws.
| Hmoob | Action |
| YAdrenocorticotropic | Txoj cai ntawm cov tshuaj hormone secretion hauv adrenal cortex |
| YVasopressin | Tswj cov zis tso zis thiab tswj ntshav siab |
| YGrowth Hormone | Tswj kev txhim kho thiab kev loj hlob, txhawb kev tsim cov protein ntau |
| LH and FSH | Tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua me nyuam, tswj cov phev ntau lawm, qe maturation thiab kev coj khaub ncaws; kev tsim ntawm poj niam thiab txiv neej kev sib deev yam ntxwv ntawm ob hom |
| Oxytocin | Ua rau cov nqaij leeg hauv tsev menyuam thiab cov ducts mammary |
| YProlactin | Ua rau thiab tswj cov kua mis hauv qog |
| Thyrotropic Hormone | Txhawb kev tsim tawm thiab tso tawm cov thyroid hormones |
