cov qe ntshav dawb yog lub ntsiab ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Piv txwv li, tus nqi ntawm leukocytes hauv cov ntshav ntawm 6 xyoo yog 5-12. Lawv tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm invading microorganisms thiab hlwb nrog mutated DNA thiab ntxuav lub cev. Platelets yuav tsum tau "kho" cov hlab ntsha thaum lawv puas lawm; lawv kuj muab kev loj hlob thiab kev kho mob. Nws tsim nyog kawm ntxiv txog tus nqi ntawm leukocytes hauv tus menyuam hnub nyoog 6 xyoo (tseem laus dua thiab yau dua).
txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov leukocytes, koj yuav tsum tau kuaj ntshav kom tiav. Cov qauv ntawm cov qe ntshav dawb hauv cov ntshav ntawm cov txiv neej thiab poj niam laus yog 4-9x10 9. Hauv qee lub chaw soj nstuam, qhov kev siv qhov tseem ceeb (cov qauv) ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm leukocytes tau nthuav dav thiab ntau npaum li 3, 2-10, 6x10 9. Hauv cov menyuam yaus, cov duab no siab dua: thaum muaj hnub nyoog ib xyoos, muaj 6.5-12.5 x 10 9ntawm cov hlwb hauv cov ntshav, txog li peb xyoos - 5-12 x 10 9, mus txog rau rau - 4, 5-10 x 10 9, mus txog kaum rau - 4, 3-9, 5 x 10 9.
yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev dawb
Txawm hais tias leukocytes thiab erythrocytes pib los ntawm hematopoietic qia hlwb hauv cov pob txha, lawv muaj ntau heev.sib txawv ntawm ib leeg nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev tseem ceeb.
Piv txwv li, thawj qhov tsawg dua qhov thib ob: feem ntau lawv tus lej yog los ntawm 5000 txog 10000 ib 1 µl. Lawv kuj loj dua lawv thiab tsuas yog tsim cov ntsiab lus uas suav tias yog cov hlwb ua tiav uas muaj cov nucleus thiab organelles. Thaum tsuas muaj ib hom qe ntshav liab xwb, muaj ntau hom qe ntshav dawb. Feem ntau muaj lub neej luv dua li cov qe ntshav liab, qee qhov tsuas muaj ob peb teev lossis ob peb feeb hauv qhov kis mob hnyav.
Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm leukocytes hauv cov zis ntawm tus menyuam hnub nyoog 6 xyoo yog lawv txoj kev txav. Thaum cov qe ntshav liab siv lawv cov hnub ncig hauv cov hlab ntsha, cov qe ntshav dawb feem ntau tawm hauv cov hlab ntsha los ua lawv txoj haujlwm tiv thaiv hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub cev. Rau cov qe ntshav dawb, vasculature tsuas yog ib txoj kev loj uas lawv mus thiab tsis ntev yuav tshwm sim kom ncav cuag lawv qhov chaw tiag. Thaum lawv tuaj txog, lawv feem ntau muab "npe" sib txawv xws li macrophage lossis microglia, nyob ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm.
Thaum lawv tawm ntawm cov hlab ntsha, qee qhov ntawm lawv yuav ua haujlwm ruaj khov hauv cov ntaub so ntswg lymphatic, pob txha pob txha, tus po, thymus lossis lwm yam kabmob. Lwm tus yuav txav mus los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg zoo li amoebas, txuas ntxiv nthuav lawv cov plasma daim nyias nyias, qee zaum taug kev ywj pheej, thiab qee zaum txav mus rau qhov kev taw qhia uas lawv pom cov cim tshuaj lom neeg.
Lub cev dawb no ntxim nyiam yog vimzoo chemotaxis (lus, "kev txav los teb rau cov tshuaj") - ib tug tshwm sim nyob rau hauv uas raug mob los yog kab mob hlwb thiab cov qe ntshav dawb nyob ze emit qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj "911" hu, xa ntau "rescuers" mus rau qhov chaw.
Hauv cov tshuaj kho mob, qhov sib txawv ntawm hom thiab feem pua ntawm cov qe ntshav dawb tam sim no feem ntau yog cov cim tseem ceeb hauv kev kuaj mob thiab kev kho mob. Yog li ntawd, yog tias muaj 6-10 leukocytes hauv cov zis, ces lawv tuaj yeem hu ua tus qauv thiab tsis muaj dab tsi txhawj txog. Tab sis tus nqi no puas yog ib txwm muaj rau cov neeg laus? Yog lawm. Piv txwv li, yog tias cov poj niam muaj 6, 6 leukocytes hauv cov zis, qhov no yog qhov qhia txog kev noj qab haus huv.
Kev faib tawm ntawm lub cev dawb
Thaum cov kws tshawb fawb thawj zaug pib kawm cov ntshav muaj pes tsawg leeg, nws tau pom sai sai tias leukocytes tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg, nyob ntawm seb lawv puas muaj cov granules peculiar hauv cytoplasm:
- Granular hom yog txawv los ntawm ntau granularity nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm. Lawv suav nrog neutrophils, eosinophils, thiab basophils. Hauv cov menyuam yaus ntawm 6 lub hlis, leukocytes yuav zoo li qub ntawm tus nqi ntawm 6, 6.
- Txawm tias cov granules tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm agranular leukocytes, lawv muaj tsawg dua thiab tsis pom tseeb. Cov tsiaj no suav nrog monocytes uas paub tab rau hauv macrophages. Cov tom kawg yog phagocytic thiab lymphocytes uas tshwm sim los ntawm ib kab ntawm lymphoid qia hlwb. Cov qauv ntawm leukocytes ntawm 6 xyoo yog 5-12.
Ntau npaum li poj niam
Tus naj npawb ntawm lub cev dawb yog ib qhontawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev kuaj ntshav. Nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm tus poj niam, leukocytes yuav tsum yog los ntawm 3.210 9 / l txog 10.210 9/ l. Ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm qib ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tshwm sim hauv 2 qhov xwm txheej: nrog cov kab mob ntawm cov ntshav thiab cov khoom siv hematopoietic thiab nrog rau cov kab mob ntawm lwm cov kabmob thiab cov kab mob. Cov theem ntawm lub voj voog txhua hli nrog keeb kwm hormonal kuj muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau cov naj npawb ntawm lub cev. Tsis tas li ntawd, leukocytes nyob rau hauv cov ntshav thaum cev xeeb tub "dhia" ntau heev, thiab nws yog xam tau tias yog ib txwm yog hais tias lawv qib nce mus txog 1510 9/ l..
Norms for txiv neej
Lawv cov ntshav yuav tsum muaj li ntawm 4 txog 910 9/l leukocytes. Lawv cov degree hauv txiv neej lub cev txawv me ntsis piv rau lwm pab pawg neeg mob. Cov xwm txheej zoo li no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam koj cov qe ntshav dawb:
- tsis siv neeg lub cev kev ntxhov siab;
- kev nyuaj siab;
- changing the food menu.
Leukocytes 6, 6 hauv qhov no yog qhov qub.
Nyob rau me nyuam
Raws li txoj cai, yog tias nyob rau hauv cov kab mob ntawm cov neeg laus cov neeg lub cev dawb yog kwv yees li sib npaug, ces hauv cov menyuam yaus nws txawv heev. Lawv cov degree hloov pauv txawm nyob ntawm lub hnub nyoog ntawm tus menyuam:
- hauv cov menyuam mos txog ib hlis: 8 - 1310 9/ l;
- menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 2 txog 12 lub hlis: 6 - 1210 9/l;
- rau tus menyuam hnub nyoog 1 txog 3 xyoos: 5 - 1210 9/l;
- rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 3 txog 6: 5 - 1010 9/l;
- rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 6 txog 16: 5 - 9, 5109/l.
Cov ntsiab lus ntxiv ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias ntau duantau yam kev ua. Txhua lub cev thiab lub cev ntawm tus menyuam raug kho dua tshiab thiab hloov mus rau qhov muaj nyob sab nraum leej niam lub tsev menyuam. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev txhim kho ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob tshwm sim, uas ua rau muaj kev nce hauv leukocytes hauv cov ntshav. Thaum lawv loj hlob tuaj, lawv cov degree poob qis. Yog tias ua li no, ces lub cev tiv thaiv tau muaj zog.
Ntshav leukocytes
Dab tsi yog qhov pom ntawm lub cev dawb lub cev qhia rau ntawm daim ntawv kuaj ntshav? Peb yuav txiav txim siab lawv lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim los ntawm feem ntau mus rau qhov tsawg tshaj plaws paub. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov pob txha liab thiab muaj ib tug luv luv lifespan, los ntawm ob peb teev mus rau ob peb hnub. Lawv feem ntau muaj lobed core thiab raug cais raws li hom ntawm qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws qhia txog lawv cov granules.
1) Feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov qe ntshav dawb yog neutrophils, feem ntau suav txog 50-70 feem pua ntawm tag nrho. Lawv muaj ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 10-12 microns, loj dua erythrocytes. Lawv hu ua neutrophils vim tias lawv cov granules qhia meej meej nrog cov tshuaj tsis huv (tsis yog acids lossis cov hauv paus).
Neutrophils teb sai sai rau qhov chaw kis kab mob thiab ua tau zoo phagocytes nrog kev nyiam rau cov kab mob. Lawv cov granules muaj xws li lysozyme, ib qho enzyme muaj peev xwm ntawm lysing lossis rhuav tshem: cov kab mob ntawm cov phab ntsa; oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev xws li hydrogen peroxide; tiv thaiv; proteins uas khi; tshem tawm cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob fungal plasma membrane kom cov ntsiab lus ntawm tes ntws.
Siab txawv txavneutrophil suav nyob rau hauv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas qhia tias muaj kab mob thiab / lossis mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov kab mob tshwm sim, tab sis kuj pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob kub hnyiab thiab lwm tus nyob rau hauv kev ntxhov siab txawv txawv. Kev raug mob kub hnyiab ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm neutrophil los tawm tsam cov kab mob uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm daim tawv nqaij barrier. Tus nqi qis yuav yog vim muaj tshuaj toxicity thiab lwm yam kab mob, uas qhia ib tus neeg muaj kev kis tus kab mob ntau ntxiv.
2) Eosinophils feem ntau ua 2-4 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov qe ntshav dawb suav. Lawv kuj muaj txoj kab uas hla ntawm 10-12 microns. Lawv cov granules stain zoo tshaj plaws nrog cov kua qaub hu ua eosin. Lub eosinophil nucleus feem ntau muaj ob mus rau peb lub lobes thiab, yog tias muaj xim zoo, lub granularity yuav siv rau xim liab thiab txiv kab ntxwv.
Eosinophil granules suav nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob antihistamine uas tawm tsam qhov kev ua ntawm histamines thiab inflammatory chemicals uas ua los ntawm basophils thiab mast hlwb. Qee cov eosinophil granules muaj cov molecules uas muaj tshuaj lom rau cov kab mob cab uas tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv lub cev los ntawm daim tawv nqaij lossis thaum ib tus neeg noj cov ntses thiab nqaij nyoos lossis cov nqaij nyoos.
Eosinophils kuj muaj peev xwm ntawm phagocytosis thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv khi rau lub hom phiaj thiab tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob antigen. Kev suav cov eosinophil siab yog qhov tshwm sim hauv cov neeg mob ua xua, kab mob cab kab mob, thiab qee cov kab mob autoimmune. Tus nqi qis yuav yog vim muaj tshuaj lom thiab kev ntxhov siab.
3) Basophilsyog cov hlwb tsawg tshaj plaws, feem ntau yog tsis muaj ntau tshaj li ib feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov qe ntshav dawb suav. Lawv me me dua neutrophils thiab eosinophils: 8-10 microns inch. Basophil granules stain zoo tshaj plaws nrog cov ntsiab lus (alkaline) stains. Basophils muaj ib tug nkhaus nucleus, uas yuav luag tsis pom nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm.
Feem ntau, lawv thaiv kev sib kis ntawm cov co toxins hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab "yuam" lwm hom hlwb kom txav mus rau qhov mob ntawm lub cev. Lawv zoo ib yam nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb no rau mast cells. Yav dhau los, tom kawg tau suav hais tias yog basophils, tab sis lawv tau tso cov pob txha pob txha lawm, uas tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb cais cov 2 hom no.
Basophil granules secrete histamine, uas txhawb kev mob, thiab heparin, uas tiv thaiv cov ntshav txhaws. Cov qib siab ntawm basophils hauv kev tsom xam yog txuam nrog kev ua xua, kab mob cab thiab hypothyroidism. Cov qib qis qhia tias cev xeeb tub, kev ntxhov siab, thiab hyperthyroidism.
YAgranular leukocytes
Dab tsi yog qhov muaj cov hlwb no hauv kev kuaj ntshav qhia? Agranular lub cev muaj tsawg pom granules nyob rau hauv lawv cytoplasm tshaj granular leukocytes, 6, 6 uas yog ib txwm. Lub hauv paus yog yooj yim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv, tej zaum indented, tab sis tsis muaj cais lobes. Muaj ob hom agranulocytes tseem ceeb: lymphocytes thiab monocytes.
1) Cov qub yog tib lub cev tsim ntawm cov ntshav, uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov qog ntshav qog ntshav. Txawm hais tias lawv yog Ameslikas tsim nyob rau hauv cov pob txha pob txha, feem ntau ntawm lawvTom qab kev loj hlob thiab kev yug me nyuam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg lymphatic. Lymphocytes yog hom thib ob feem ntau ntawm cov qe ntshav dawb, suav txog li 20-30 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov qe ntshav, thiab yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Muaj peb pawg tseem ceeb ntawm cov lymphocytes uas suav nrog cov cell tua neeg ntuj: B thiab T. Natural killer (NK) hlwb muaj peev xwm paub txog cov hlwb uas tsis qhia "tus kheej" cov proteins ntawm lawv cov plasma membrane lossis muaj txawv teb chaws lossis txawv txav. cov cim. Cov hlwb "tsis-tus kheej-celled" no suav nrog cov kab mob qog noj ntshav uas muaj kab mob qog noj ntshav thiab lwm cov kab mob atypical deg proteins. Yog li, lawv muab generalized, tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb. Loj lymphocytes feem ntau yog NK hlwb.
B thiab T-lub cev ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm cov kab mob tshwj xeeb (cov kab mob) thiab koom nrog kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb. Ib hom B cell (plasma) tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob lossis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas khi rau cov khoom txawv teb chaws lossis txawv txav ntawm cov plasma membranes. Qhov no tseem hu ua lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob (humoral).
T hlwb muab kev tiv thaiv qib cellular los ntawm lub cev tawm tsam cov kab mob txawv teb chaws lossis kab mob. Lub cim xeeb ntawm tes yog ib txheej ntawm B- thiab T-cells uas tau tsim tom qab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm "tus neeg ua phem" thiab sai sai rau cov kev tawm tsam tom ntej. Tsis zoo li lwm cov qe ntshav dawb, cov hlwb nco tau nyob tau ntau xyoo.
Siab txawv txavCov cim qhia ntawm lymphocytes yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev kis kab mob, nrog rau qee hom mob qog noj ntshav. Cov nqi qis qis qhia tau hais tias muaj mob ntev (hloov) lossis tiv thaiv kab mob, suav nrog cov kab mob HIV thiab kev kho tshuaj uas suav nrog steroids.
2) Monocytes yog muab los ntawm cov qia hlwb myeloid. Lawv feem ntau ua 2-8 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov qe ntshav dawb suav. Cov hlwb no raug lees paub los ntawm lawv qhov loj (12-20 µm) thiab indented lossis horseshoe-shaped nuclei.
Macrophages yog cov kab mob monocytes uas tau tawm hauv kev ncig thiab phagocytize cov khib nyiab, cov kab mob txawv teb chaws, cov qe ntshav liab uas ploj lawm thiab ntau lwm cov hlwb tuag, sab hauv lossis puas. Macrophages kuj tso tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob microbial thiab cov tshuaj chemotactic uas nyiam lwm cov qe ntshav dawb mus rau qhov chaw kis kab mob. Qee cov macrophages nyob qhov chaw ruaj thaum lwm tus taug kev los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg.
Feem ntau ntawm cov monocytes hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam yog cuam tshuam nrog cov kab mob lossis cov kab mob fungal, tuberculosis, qee hom kab mob leukemia thiab lwm yam kab mob ntev. Kev nyeem ntawv tsawg tsawg feem ntau yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov pob txha pob txha.
Leukopenia
Ib yam mob uas tsim cov qe ntshav dawb tsawg dhau. Yog hais tias tus mob no tshwm sim, tus neeg yuav tiv thaiv tsis tau tus kab mob. Kev loj hlob ntau dhau ntawm cov qe ntshav dawb yog hu ua leukocytosis. Txawm hais tias lawv cov lej siab, cov hlwb lawv tus kheej feem ntau ua haujlwm tsis zoo, ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntau ntxiv. Tab sis yog tias tus me nyuam muaj cov qe ntshav dawb 6, 6, ces koj yuav tsum tsis txhob txhawj. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov notus nqi yog nyob rau hauv tus qauv. Hauv qab no yog cov qe ntshav dawb suav rau leukopenia.
mob qog noj ntshav nrog ntau cov qe ntshav dawb. Nws tuaj yeem suav nrog tsuas yog ib hom ntawm cov qe ntshav dawb los ntawm myeloid (myelocytic leukemia) lossis cov kab mob lymphoid (lymphocytic leukemia). Nyob rau hauv cov mob leukemia, cov laus lub cev dawb sau thiab tsis tuag. Nyob rau hauv mob leukemia, muaj overproduction ntawm cov hluas, tsis paub tab. Hauv ob qho xwm txheej, cov hlwb tsis ua haujlwm raug. Cov duab qhia hauv daim duab hauv qab no.
Lymphoma
Ib hom mob qog noj ntshav uas muaj ntau yam mob qog nqaij hlav T thiab / lossis B lymphocytes sib sau ua ke hauv cov qog nqaij hlav, spleen, daim siab thiab lwm yam ntaub so ntswg. Ib yam li leukemia, cov qe ntshav dawb tsis ua haujlwm zoo thiab tus neeg mob muaj kev pheej hmoo kis mob. Qee hom lymphoma zoo li ua tau qeeb thiab teb zoo rau kev kho mob. Lwm tus zoo li txhim kho sai thiab xav tau kev kho mob hnyav, yam tsis muaj kev tuag. Piv txwv li, hauv cov menyuam yaus, tus nqi ntawm leukocytes ntawm 6 lub hlis yog 5.5-12.5, uas txhais tau hais tias cov ntsuas no tsis yog pathology. Txawm hais tias lawv siab dua lossis qis dua, koj tuaj yeem suab lub tswb.
Platelets
Qee zaum platelets tuaj yeem pom hauv cov ntawv sau tseg ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas (raws li hauv cov lus saum toj no), tab sis txij li lub npe no qhia tias lawv yog hom cell, qhov no tsis raug. Platelets tsis yog platelets, tab sis yog ib feem ntawm cytoplasm hu ua megakaryocyte uas nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm cov plasma membrane. Megakaryocytes tshwm simlos ntawm myeloid qia hlwb, thiab loj, feem ntau 50-100 µm nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla, thiab muaj ib tug loj, lobed nucleus.
Feem ntau, thrombopoietin, glycoprotein secreted los ntawm ob lub raum thiab siab, txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm megakaryoblasts, uas loj hlob rau hauv megakaryocytes. Lawv nyob twj ywm hauv cov pob txha pob txha thiab nws thiaj li tsim progenitor platelet extensions uas txuas mus rau cov phab ntsa ntawm cov pob txha pob txha capillaries kom tso rau hauv kev ncig ntau txhiab ntawm cytoplasmic fragments, txhua tus bounded los ntawm cov plasma me me.
Cov khoom tawg yog cov platelets. Txhua megakarocyte tso tawm 2000-3000 ntawm lawv thaum nws lub neej. Tom qab tso cov platelets, cov seem ntawm megakaryocytes, uas yog me ntsis loj dua lub cell nucleus, yog noj los ntawm macrophages.
Kab mob thiab platelets
Thrombocytosis yog ib yam mob uas muaj ntau dhau lawm. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau tsis xav tau cov ntshav txhaws (thrombosis), uas tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus. Yog tias tsis muaj cov platelets txaus, hu ua thrombocytopenia, cov ntshav yuav tsis tuaj yeem txhaws kom zoo thiab los ntshav ntau dhau tuaj yeem tshwm sim.
Peb tau saib qhov feem pua ntawm cov leukocytes thiab platelets hauv kev kuaj ntshav, uas tuaj yeem ua rau lawv sib txawv ntawm cov qauv.
