Tshaj li ib nrab xyoo dhau los, lasers tau siv rau hauv ophthalmology, oncology, phais yas thiab ntau lwm yam tshuaj thiab kev tshawb fawb biomedical.
Qhov muaj peev xwm siv lub teeb los kho cov kab mob tau paub ntau txhiab xyoo. Cov Greeks thiab Egyptians thaum ub siv lub hnub ci hluav taws xob hauv kev kho mob, thiab ob lub tswv yim tseem txuas nrog hauv mythology - Greek vajtswv Apollo yog tus vajtswv ntawm lub hnub thiab kho.
Nws tsuas yog tom qab kev tsim cov hluav taws xob sib txuas ntau dua 50 xyoo dhau los uas lub peev xwm ntawm kev siv lub teeb hauv tshuaj tau tshwm sim tiag tiag.
Vim lawv cov khoom tshwj xeeb, lasers muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li hluav taws xob los ntawm lub hnub lossis lwm qhov chaw. Txhua lub tshuab hluav taws xob quantum ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qhov nqaim wavelength ntau thiab emits coherent lub teeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, lasers hauv tshuaj tso cai rau koj los tsim lub zog siab. Lub nqaj ntawm lub zog tuaj yeem ua kom muaj zog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw me me, vim tias nws qhov siab ceev tau tiav. Cov khoom no tau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias niaj hnub no lasers tau siv ntau thaj chaw ntawm kev kuaj mob, kho thiab phais.
kho tawv nqaij thiab qhov muag
Kev siv cov lasers hauv cov tshuaj tau pib nrog kev kho mob ntawm ophthalmology thiab dermatology. QuantumLub tshuab hluav taws xob tau qhib rau xyoo 1960. Thiab ib xyoos tom qab, Leon Goldman tau qhia tias ruby liab laser yuav siv tau li cas hauv cov tshuaj kom tshem tawm cov kab mob capillary dysplasia, hom kab mob yug me nyuam, thiab melanoma.
Daim ntawv thov no yog ua raws li lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib txuas los ua haujlwm ntawm qee qhov wavelength. Cov chaw hluav taws xob sib txuas tam sim no tau siv dav los tshem cov qog, tattoos, plaub hau thiab moles.
Lasers ntawm ntau hom thiab wavelengths yog siv nyob rau hauv dermatology, vim ntau hom kab mob raug kho thiab lub ntsiab absorbing tshuaj nyob rau hauv lawv. Lub wavelength kuj nyob ntawm tus neeg mob hom tawv nqaij.
Hnub no, ib tug tsis tuaj yeem xyaum kho mob lossis kho qhov muag yam tsis muaj lasers, vim lawv tau dhau los ua cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb rau kev kho cov neeg mob. Kev siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob quantum rau kev kho qhov muag thiab ntau yam kev siv ophthalmic loj hlob tom qab Charles Campbell tau los ua thawj tus kws kho mob siv lub laser liab hauv cov tshuaj hauv xyoo 1961 los kho tus neeg mob nrog lub qhov muag pom.
Tom qab ntawd, rau lub hom phiaj no, kws kho qhov muag tau pib siv argon qhov chaw ntawm cov hluav taws xob sib txuas hauv cov xim ntsuab ntawm cov spectrum. Ntawm no, cov khoom ntawm lub qhov muag nws tus kheej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nws lub lens, tau siv los tsom lub teeb nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm retinal detachment. Lub zog muaj zog heev ntawm lub cuab yeej cia welds nws.
Cov neeg mob uas muaj qee hom macular degeneration tuaj yeem tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev phais laser - laser photocoagulation thiab photodynamic kho. Nyob rau hauv thawj txheej txheem, lub beam ntawm coherenthluav taws xob yog siv los kaw cov hlab ntsha thiab ua rau lawv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob hauv qab macula.
Cov kev tshawb fawb zoo sib xws tau ua tiav xyoo 1940 nrog lub hnub ci, tab sis cov kws kho mob xav tau cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm quantum generators kom ua tiav lawv tiav. Kev siv tom ntej ntawm argon laser yog kom tsis txhob los ntshav sab hauv. Kev xaiv haum ntawm lub teeb ntsuab los ntawm hemoglobin, cov xim hauv cov qe ntshav liab, tau siv los thaiv cov hlab ntsha. Txhawm rau kho mob qog noj ntshav, lawv rhuav tshem cov hlab ntsha uas nkag mus rau hauv cov qog thiab muab cov khoom noj.
Qhov no tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav siv lub hnub ci. Cov tshuaj muaj kev saib xyuas zoo heev, raws li nws yuav tsum yog, tab sis qhov chaw ntawm cov hluav taws xob sib txuas tau txais kev lees paub hauv ntau qhov chaw. Lasers hauv cov tshuaj tau hloov ntau yam twj paj nruag.
Ophthalmology thiab dermatology kuj tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm excimer qhov chaw ntawm coherent UV hluav taws xob. Lawv tau dhau los ua dav siv rau pob txha pob txha reshaping (LASIK) rau kev kho qhov muag. Lasers nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj zoo nkauj yog siv los tshem tawm blemishes thiab wrinkles.
YProfitable cosmetic surgery
Cov kev tsim kho thev naus laus zis zoo li no tau nyiam nrog cov tub lag luam ua lag luam, vim lawv muaj peev xwm loj rau cov txiaj ntsig. Lub tuam txhab tshuaj ntsuam xyuas Medtech Insight hauv xyoo 2011 kwv yees qhov loj ntawm kev ua lag luam rau cov khoom siv laser zoo nkauj ntawm ntau dua 1 billion US dollars. Tseeb, txawmKev poob qis tag nrho cov kev thov rau kev kho mob thaum lub sij hawm lub ntiaj teb no poob qis, quantum generator-raws li kev phais kom hniav zoo nkauj txuas ntxiv txaus siab rau qhov kev thov muaj zog hauv Tebchaws Meskas, lub lag luam tseem ceeb rau cov tshuab laser.
Kev pom thiab kuaj pom
Lasers hauv cov tshuaj ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb pom ntxov ntawm mob qog noj ntshav, nrog rau ntau yam kab mob. Piv txwv li, hauv Tel Aviv, ib pab pawg kws tshawb fawb tau txaus siab rau IR spectroscopy siv infrared qhov chaw ntawm cov hluav taws xob sib txuas. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog tias mob qog noj ntshav thiab cov nqaij mos noj qab haus huv yuav muaj qhov sib txawv infrared permeability. Ib qho kev cog lus zoo ntawm txoj kev no yog kev kuaj pom melanomas. Hauv kev mob qog noj ntshav ntawm daim tawv nqaij, kev kuaj mob ntxov yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau cov neeg mob muaj sia nyob. Tam sim no, kev kuaj pom melanoma yog ua tiav los ntawm qhov muag, yog li nws tseem nyob ntawm kev vam khom ntawm tus kws kho mob.
Hauv Ixayees, txhua tus neeg tuaj yeem mus kuaj dawb melanoma ib xyoos ib zaug. Ob peb xyoos dhau los, cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov chaw kho mob loj, vim tias nws tau ua kom pom tseeb qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov infrared ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm, tab sis tsis muaj cov cim txaus ntshai, thiab melanoma tiag.
Katzir, tus thawj coj ntawm thawj SPIE lub rooj sib tham ntawm biomedical optics hauv xyoo 1984, thiab nws pab pawg hauv Tel Aviv kuj tau tsim kho qhov muag fibers uas pob tshab rau infrared wavelengths, tso cai rau cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv mus rau kev kuaj mob sab hauv. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem ua tau sai thiab tsis mob lwm txoj hauv kev rau lub ncauj tsev menyuam smear hauvgynecology.
Blue semiconductor laser hauv tshuaj tau pom daim ntawv thov hauv fluorescence diagnostics.
Systems raws li quantum generators kuj pib hloov X-rays, uas ib txwm tau siv hauv mammography. X-rays tam sim no cov kws kho mob muaj teeb meem nyuaj: lawv xav tau kev siv siab kom ntseeg tau cov qog nqaij hlav, tab sis qhov nce hauv hluav taws xob nws tus kheej ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm mob qog noj ntshav. Raws li lwm txoj hauv kev, qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev siv laser pulses ceev heev los ua duab hauv siab thiab lwm qhov hauv lub cev, xws li lub hlwb, tab tom kawm.
OCT rau qhov muag thiab ntau dua
Lasers hauv biology thiab tshuaj tau siv hauv kev kho qhov muag pom kev tomography (OCT), uas tau ua rau muaj kev txaus siab. Cov txheej txheem kev kos duab no siv cov khoom ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob quantum thiab tuaj yeem muab qhov tseeb heev (ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm micron), cov duab ntu thiab peb-seem ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg hauv lub sijhawm. OCT twb tau siv nyob rau hauv ophthalmology, thiab muaj peev xwm, piv txwv li, tso cai rau ib tug kws kho qhov muag pom ib tug ntoo khaub lig seem ntawm lub cornea los soj ntsuam cov kab mob retinal thiab glaucoma. Niaj hnub no, cov txheej txheem tau pib siv rau lwm thaj chaw tshuaj thiab.
Ib qhov chaw loj tshaj plaws uas tshwm sim los ntawm OCT yog fiber ntau optic duab ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Optical coherence tomography tuaj yeem siv los ntsuas cov quav hniav tsis ruaj khov.
Microscopy of living organisms
Lasers hauv science, technology, tshuaj kuj ua silub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau hom kev tsom xam. Ntau qhov kev txhim kho tau tsim nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no, lub hom phiaj yog kom pom qhov tshwm sim hauv tus neeg mob lub cev yam tsis tas siv scalpel.
Qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws txog kev tshem tawm cov qog nqaij hlav yog qhov yuav tsum tau siv lub tshuab tsom mus tas li kom tus kws phais tuaj yeem paub tseeb tias txhua yam ua tiav. Kev muaj peev xwm ua tau nyob thiab siv lub sijhawm tiag tiag yog qhov tseem ceeb ua ntej.
Daim ntawv thov tshiab ntawm lasers hauv engineering thiab tshuaj yog qhov ze-tawm ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ntawm optical microscopy, uas tuaj yeem tsim cov duab nrog kev daws teeb meem ntau dua li ntawm cov qauv microscopes. Txoj kev no yog ua raws li cov fibers optical nrog cov qhov taw qhia ntawm qhov kawg, qhov ntev ntawm qhov me dua qhov wavelength ntawm lub teeb. Qhov no enabled subwavelength imaging thiab nteg lub hauv paus rau imaging biological cells. Kev siv cov thev naus laus zis no hauv IR lasers yuav tso cai rau kev nkag siab zoo ntawm Alzheimer's kab mob, mob qog noj ntshav thiab lwm yam kev hloov pauv hauv hlwb.
PDT thiab lwm yam kev kho mob
Kev txhim kho hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag pab nthuav dav txoj hauv kev siv lasers hauv lwm qhov chaw. Ntxiv nrog rau qhov tseeb tias lawv tso cai rau kev kuaj mob hauv lub cev, lub zog ntawm cov hluav taws xob sib txuas tuaj yeem hloov mus rau qhov chaw uas nws xav tau. Nws tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev kho mob. Fiber lasers tau dhau los ua ntau yam ntxiv. Lawv yuav radically hloov cov tshuaj yav tom ntej.
Teb chaw kho mob siv tshuaj photosensitiveCov tshuaj uas cuam tshuam nrog lub cev hauv ib txoj hauv kev tuaj yeem siv quantum generators los kuaj xyuas thiab kho cov neeg mob. Hauv kev kho photodynamic (PDT), piv txwv li, lub laser thiab cov tshuaj photosensitive tuaj yeem kho qhov muag tsis pom kev hauv cov neeg mob nrog "ntub" daim ntawv ntawm cov hnub nyoog ntsig txog macular degeneration, qhov ua rau qhov muag tsis pom ntawm cov neeg muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 50 xyoo.
Nyob rau hauv oncology, qee yam porphyrins sib sau ua ke hauv cov qog nqaij hlav cancer thiab fluoresce thaum illuminated ntawm ib lub wavelength, qhia qhov chaw ntawm cov qog. Yog hais tias tib lub tebchaw no ces illuminated nrog ib tug sib txawv wavelength, lawv ua toxic thiab tua puas hlwb.
Cov roj ntsha liab helium-neon laser yog siv rau hauv cov tshuaj hauv kev kho mob pob txha, psoriasis, trophic ulcers, thiab lwm yam, vim tias qhov zaus no tau zoo absorbed los ntawm hemoglobin thiab enzymes. Cov hluav taws xob ua kom qeeb qeeb, tiv thaiv hyperemia thiab o, thiab txhim kho cov ntshav ncig.
kev kho tus kheej
Cov noob caj noob ces thiab epigenetics yog ob qhov chaw uas siv lasers tuaj yeem siv tau.
Yam yav tom ntej, txhua yam yuav tshwm sim ntawm nanoscale, uas yuav tso cai rau peb ua cov tshuaj ntawm cov nplai ntawm tes. Lasers uas tuaj yeem tsim femtosecond pulses thiab qhib rau cov wavelengths tshwj xeeb yog cov koom tes zoo rau cov kws kho mob.
Qhov no yuav qhib qhov rooj rau kev kho tus kheej raws li tus neeg mob tus kheej genome.
Leon Goldman - tus tsimlaser tshuaj
Hais txog kev siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob quantum hauv kev kho tib neeg, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem hais txog Leon Goldman. Nws hu ua "txiv" ntawm cov tshuaj laser.
Twb ib xyoos tom qab tsim cov hluav taws xob sib txuas, Goldman tau los ua thawj tus kws tshawb fawb siv nws los kho kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Cov txheej txheem uas tus kws tshawb fawb tau siv los ua txoj hauv kev rau kev txhim kho tom ntej ntawm laser dermatology.
Nws kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1960s coj mus rau kev siv lub ruby quantum generator nyob rau hauv kev phais retinal thiab discoveries xws li lub peev xwm ntawm coherent hluav taws xob rau tib lub sij hawm txiav daim tawv nqaij thiab kaw cov hlab ntsha, txwv tsis pub los ntshav.
Goldman, kws kho mob dermatologist ntawm University of Cincinnati rau feem ntau ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, tau tsim lub Koom Haum American rau Lasers hauv Tshuaj thiab Kev phais thiab pab tsim lub hauv paus rau kev nyab xeeb laser. Tuag 1997
Miniaturization
Thawj 2-micron quantum generators yog qhov loj ntawm ob lub txaj thiab tau txias nrog kua nitrogen. Niaj hnub no, xibtes-loj diode lasers thiab txawm me me fiber lasers tau tshwm sim. Cov kev hloov pauv no ua rau txoj hauv kev rau cov ntawv thov tshiab thiab kev txhim kho. Cov tshuaj yav tom ntej yuav muaj me me lasers rau kev phais hlwb.
Vim kev nce qib hauv kev siv tshuab, muaj cov nqi txo qis tas li. Ib yam li lasers tau dhau los ua ib qho chaw hauv cov khoom siv hauv tsev, lawv tau pib ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom siv hauv tsev kho mob.
Yog tias yav dhau los lasers hauv tshuaj loj heev thiabcomplex, niaj hnub no kev tsim los ntawm optical fiber ntau txo tus nqi, thiab kev hloov mus rau nanoscale yuav txo tau tus nqi ntau dua.
Lwm yam siv
Urologists tuaj yeem kho cov urethral nruj, benign warts, urinary pob zeb, zais zis contracture thiab prostate o nrog lasers.
Kev siv lub laser hauv tshuaj tau ua rau cov kws kho mob neurosurgeons ua qhov kev txiav txim siab thiab kev kuaj xyuas endoscopic ntawm lub hlwb thiab qaum qaum.
Veterinarians siv lasers rau cov txheej txheem endoscopic, qog coagulation, incisions thiab photodynamic therapy.
Cov kws kho hniav siv cov hluav taws xob sib txuas rau lub qhov ua, phais cov pos hniav, cov txheej txheem tshuaj tua kab mob, kho hniav desensitization thiab oro-facial diagnostics.
Laser tweezers
Cov kws tshawb fawb txog biomedical thoob ntiaj teb siv cov tshuab kho qhov muag, cov khoom sib cais ntawm tes, thiab ntau lwm yam cuab yeej. Laser tweezers cog lus zoo dua thiab sai dua kev kuaj mob qog noj ntshav thiab tau siv los ntes cov kab mob, kab mob, cov hlau me me thiab DNA strands.
Hauv cov tshuab kho qhov muag, cov kab hluav taws xob sib txuas yog siv los tuav thiab tig cov khoom siv me me, zoo ib yam li cov hlau lossis yas tweezers tuaj yeem khaws cov khoom me me thiab tsis yooj yim. Cov molecules ntawm tus kheej tuaj yeem hloov kho los ntawm kev txuas mus rau micron-loj slides lossis polystyrene hlaws. Thaum lub beam tsoo lub pob, nwsnkhaus thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam me ntsis, thawb lub pob ncaj nraim rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm kab teeb.
Qhov no tsim "qhov cuab yeej kho qhov muag" uas tuaj yeem ntxiab ib qho me me hauv kab teeb.
Laser hauv tshuaj: qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo
Lub zog ntawm cov hluav taws xob sib txuas, qhov kev siv zog uas tuaj yeem hloov kho, yog siv los txiav, rhuav tshem lossis hloov cellular lossis extracellular qauv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg lom. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev siv cov lasers hauv cov tshuaj, luv luv, txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kis kab mob thiab txhawb kev kho. Kev siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob quantum hauv kev phais ua kom qhov tseeb ntawm kev txiav tawm, txawm li cas los xij, lawv muaj kev phom sij rau cov poj niam cev xeeb tub thiab muaj contraindications rau kev siv cov tshuaj photosensitizing.
Cov qauv txheej txheem ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg tsis tso cai rau kev txhais tsis meej ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam lom neeg classical. Lasers hauv tshuaj (daim duab) yog ib qho cuab yeej zoo rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav cancer. Txawm li cas los xij, cov peev txheej muaj zog ntawm cov hluav taws xob sib xyaw ua ke ua tsis ncaj ncees thiab rhuav tshem tsis yog cov cuam tshuam, tab sis kuj cov ntaub so ntswg ib puag ncig. Cov cuab yeej no yog ib qho cuab yeej tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem microdissection siv los ua cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas molecular ntawm qhov chaw txaus siab nrog lub peev xwm los xaiv ua kom puas hlwb ntau dhau. Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov thev naus laus zis no yog txhawm rau kov yeej cov heterogeneity tam sim no hauv txhua cov ntaub so ntswg lom neeg txhawm rau pab txhawb lawv txoj kev kawm hauv cov pej xeem zoo. Hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, laser microdissection tau ua ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho kev tshawb fawb, kev nkag siabphysiological mechanisms uas niaj hnub no muaj peev xwm ua kom pom tseeb ntawm theem ntawm cov pejxeem thiab txawm tias ib leeg.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg engineering niaj hnub no tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm biology. Yuav ua li cas yog hais tias actin fibers raug txiav thaum lub sij hawm faib? Puas yog Drosophila embryo yuav ruaj khov yog tias lub cell raug puas thaum lub sij hawm folding? Dab tsi yog qhov tsis cuam tshuam rau thaj tsam meristem ntawm cov nroj tsuag? Tag nrho cov teeb meem no tuaj yeem daws tau nrog lasers.
Nanomedicine
Tsis ntev los no, ntau nanostructures tau tshwm sim nrog cov khoom tsim nyog rau ntau yam kev siv roj ntsha. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog:
- quantum dots yog me me nanometer-loj lub teeb-emitting hais siv nyob rau hauv cov duab rhiab heev cellular;
- magnetic nanoparticles uas tau pom daim ntawv thov hauv kev kho mob;
- polymer hais rau encapsulated kho molecules;
- hlau nanoparticles.
Kev txhim kho ntawm nanotechnology thiab kev siv lasers hauv tshuaj, luv luv, tau hloov pauv txoj kev siv tshuaj. Kev ncua ntawm nanoparticles uas muaj cov tshuaj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev kho mob ntawm ntau lub tebchaw (nce solubility thiab kev ua tau zoo, txo toxicity) los ntawm kev xaiv cuam tshuam rau cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov hlwb. Lawv xa cov active ingredient thiab tseem tswj kev tso tawm ntawm cov active ingredient nyob rau hauv teb rau sab nraud stimulation. Nanotheranostics yog ntxivib qho kev sim uas tso cai rau kev siv ob npaug ntawm nanoparticles, tshuaj compound, kev kho thiab cov cuab yeej kuaj mob, qhib txoj hauv kev rau kev kho tus kheej.
Kev siv cov lasers hauv tshuaj thiab biology rau microdissection thiab photoablation ua kom nkag siab txog lub cev lub cev ntawm cov kab mob kev loj hlob ntawm ntau qib. Cov txiaj ntsig yuav pab txiav txim siab txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev kuaj mob thiab kev kho mob rau txhua tus neeg mob. Kev txhim kho ntawm nanotechnology hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog kev nce qib hauv kev kos duab kuj tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb. Nanomedicine yog ib qho kev cog lus tshiab ntawm kev kho mob rau qee yam mob qog noj ntshav, kab mob sib kis los yog kev kuaj mob.
