Tshuaj tiv thaiv (txhais lus, kev faib tawm uas tau tham hauv tsab xov xwm no) yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siv los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob (hauv lwm lo lus, tsim kom muaj kev tiv thaiv tsis tu ncua ntawm lub cev rau cov kab mob tshwj xeeb). Raws li WHO, kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis. Vim muaj kev ua haujlwm siab, kev yooj yim ntawm txoj kev, qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm qhov dav dav ntawm cov neeg txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob loj, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv ntau lub tebchaws tau muab cais ua lub xeev tseem ceeb.
Tshuaj tiv thaiv
Kev txhaj tshuaj yog ib qho kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb txhawm rau tiv thaiv tus menyuam lossis tus neeg laus los ntawm qee yam pathologies kiag li lossis txo qhov tshwm sim thaum lawv tshwm sim.
Cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws yog ua tiav los ntawm "kev kawm" kev tiv thaiv. Nrog rau kev taw qhia ntawm cov tshuaj, lub cev (ntau dua precisely, nws lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob) fights tus kab mob artificially qhia thiab "nco" nws. Nrog rau kev kis tus kab mob rov qab, kev tiv thaiv kab mob tau qhib sai dua thiab ua rau cov neeg txawv teb chaws puas tsuaj tag.
Daim npe ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis tu ncuasuav nrog:
- xaiv cov neeg yuav txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv;
- tshuaj xaiv;
- tsim cov tswv yim rau kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv;
- kev tswj hwm;
- kho (yog tias tsim nyog) ntawm cov teeb meem tshwm sim thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.
Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv
- Intradermal. Ib qho piv txwv yog BCG. Kev taw qhia txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob nyob hauv lub xub pwg (nws sab thib peb). Ib txoj kev zoo sib xws kuj tseem siv los tiv thaiv tularemia, plague, brucellosis, anthrax, Q fever.
- Oral. Nws yog siv los tiv thaiv poliomyelitis thiab rabies. Kev kho qhov ncauj rau mob khaub thuas, qhua pias, typhoid fever, meningococcal kab mob hauv kev loj hlob.
- Subcutaneous. Nrog rau txoj kev no, cov tshuaj uas tsis yog-sorbed yog txhaj rau hauv subscapular los yog lub xub pwg nyom (sab nrauv ntawm ciam teb ntawm nruab nrab thiab sab sauv feem peb ntawm lub xub pwg nyom). Qhov zoo: tsis tshua muaj kev ua xua, yooj yim ntawm kev tswj hwm, tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv (ob qho tib si hauv zos thiab dav).
- Aerosol. Nws yog siv los txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv xwm txheej ceev. Cov tshuaj aerosol yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob brucellosis, mob khaub thuas, tularemia, diphtheria, anthrax, hnoos hawb pob, plague, rubella, gas gangrene, tuberculosis, tetanus, typhoid fever, botulism, dysentery, mumps B.
- Intramuscular. Ua nyob rau hauv cov leeg ntawm tus ncej puab (nyob rau hauv lub Upper anterolateral ib feem ntawm lub quadriceps femoris). Piv txwv li, DPT.
Kev faib tshuaj tiv thaiv niaj hnub
Muaj ntau qhov tshuaj tiv thaivtshuaj.
1. Cov khoom faib los ntawm tiam:
- 1 tiam (cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob qog noj ntshav). Nyob rau hauv lem, lawv muab faib ua attenuated (tsis muaj zog nyob) thiab inactivated (tua) cov neeg sawv cev;
- 2 tiam: subunit (chemical) thiab neutralized exotoxins (anatoxins);
- 3rd tiam sawv cev los ntawm cov kab mob siab B thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis;
- 4 tiam (tsis tau ua lag luam), sawv cev los ntawm plasmid DNA, hluavtaws peptides, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj MHC cov khoom lag luam thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv idiotypic.
2. Kev faib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (microbiology kuj muab faib ua ob peb chav kawm) los ntawm keeb kwm. Los ntawm keeb kwm, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau muab faib ua:
- live, uas yog tsim los ntawm kev muaj sia nyob tab sis tsis muaj zog microorganisms;
- tua, tsim los ntawm cov kab mob tsis muaj zog hauv ntau txoj hauv kev;
- tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov tshuaj keeb kwm (raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo heev);
- tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tsim los siv cov txheej txheem biotechnological, tig tau muab faib ua:
- tshuaj tiv thaiv hluavtaws raws li oligosaccharides thiab oligopeptides;
- tshuaj tiv thaiv DNA;
- Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv caj ces tsim los ntawm cov khoom lag luam uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuab sib txuas.
3. Raws li cov antigens uas yog ib feem ntawm kev npaj, muaj cov nram qab no faib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (uas yog, lawv yuav muaj raws li antigens nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv):
- tag nrho cov kab mob microbial (inactivated lossis nyob);
- tus kheej cov khoom ntawm microbial lub cev (feem ntau tiv thaiv Ag);
- microbial co toxins;
- synthetic-generated Ag microbes;
- Ag, uas tau txais los ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem genetic engineering.
Nyob ntawm lub peev xwm los tsim kev tsis txaus siab rau ntau lossis ib tus neeg sawv cev:
- monovaccine;
- tshuaj tiv thaiv dej.
Kev faib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li Ag teeb:
- component;
- ncig.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj sia
Rau qhov tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no, siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tsis muaj zog. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, txawm li cas los xij, qhov pib ntawm cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob thaum txhaj tshuaj, raws li txoj cai, tsis ua rau.
Vim qhov kev nkag mus ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv lub cev, ruaj khov cellular, secretory, humoral tiv thaiv yog tsim.
pros and cons
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj sia (kev faib tawm, daim ntawv thov sib tham hauv kab lus no):
- yuav tsum tau noj tsawg kawg;
- muaj peev xwm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv ntau yam;
- kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev tiv thaiv;
- ua haujlwm siab;
- tus nqi qis;
- immunogenicity li ntuj tau;
- tsis muaj tshuaj tua kab mob;
- nyob rau hauv qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, txhua yam kev tiv thaiv tau qhib.
tsis zoo:
- yog tus neeg mob tsis muaj zogkev tiv thaiv nrog kev qhia txog tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob, kev txhim kho ntawm tus kab mob yog ua tau;
- cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm hom no yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau qhov kub thiab txias, thiab yog li ntawd, thaum "spoiled" tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tshwm sim, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis zoo tshwm sim lossis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tag nrho poob nws cov khoom;
- qhov ua tsis tau zoo ntawm kev sib xyaw cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog rau lwm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, vim yog kev txhim kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis zoo lossis poob ntawm kev siv tshuaj kho tau zoo.
Kev faib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj sia
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob hauv qab no yog qhov txawv:
- Kev npaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog (tsis muaj zog). Lawv yog tsim los ntawm hom kab mob uas txo cov pathogenicity, tab sis pronounced immunogenicity. Nrog rau kev qhia txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov txheej txheem kis kab mob tshwm sim hauv lub cev: cov kab mob kis tau ntau, yog li ua rau tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, qhov paub zoo tshaj plaws yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob typhoid fever, anthrax, Q fever thiab brucellosis. Tab sis tseem, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov kab mob adenovirus, kub taub hau daj, mumps, tshuaj tiv thaiv Sabin (tiv thaiv tus mob polio), rubella, qhua pias, mob npaws;
- tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob sib txawv. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov kab mob sib xws ntawm kab mob pathologies. Lawv cov antigens provoke ib qho kev tiv thaiv kab mob uas yog hla mus rau cov antigens ntawm cov kab mob. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob me me, uas yog ua raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab BCG, raws li cov kab mob mycobacteria uas ua rau bovine tuberculosis.
Tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob khaub thuas
Tshuaj tiv thaiv yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los tiv thaiv tus mob khaub thuas. Lawv yog biologics uas muab kev tiv thaiv luv luv rau cov kab mob khaub thuas.
Cov lus qhia rau kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yog:
- hnub nyoog 60 thiab tshaj;
- mob bronchopulmonary lossis mob plawv pathologies;
- cev xeeb tub (2-3 lub hlis twg);
- tus neeg mob sab nraud thiab tus neeg mob hauv tsev kho mob;
- tus neeg nyob mus ib txhis hauv cov zej zog kaw (nkuaj, tsev so, tsev laus, thiab lwm yam);
- cov neeg mob hauv tsev lossis cov neeg mob sab nraud uas muaj hemoglobinopathies, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, daim siab, lub raum thiab cov kab mob metabolic.
Ntau yam
Kev faib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob khaub thuas muaj xws li pawg hauv qab no:
- Tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob;
- tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog:
- tshuaj tiv thaiv virion tag nrho. suav nrog cov tsis huv, huv heev, tsis muaj virions;
- split (siv tshuaj tiv thaiv). Piv txwv li: Fluarix, Begrivak, Vaxigrip. Tsim los ntawm kev rhuav tshem tus kab mob khaub thuas virions (tag nrho cov proteins ntawm tus kab mob);
