Bilirubin encephalopathy: ua rau, tsos mob, kuaj kev kuaj mob, kho, rov zoo thiab qhov tshwm sim

Cov txheej txheem:

Bilirubin encephalopathy: ua rau, tsos mob, kuaj kev kuaj mob, kho, rov zoo thiab qhov tshwm sim
Bilirubin encephalopathy: ua rau, tsos mob, kuaj kev kuaj mob, kho, rov zoo thiab qhov tshwm sim

Video: Bilirubin encephalopathy: ua rau, tsos mob, kuaj kev kuaj mob, kho, rov zoo thiab qhov tshwm sim

Video: Bilirubin encephalopathy: ua rau, tsos mob, kuaj kev kuaj mob, kho, rov zoo thiab qhov tshwm sim
Video: Nkauj mos ab ib txhia tub sab 7/25/2018 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Bilirubin encephalopathy (tseem hu ua kernicterus) yog ib yam mob uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev tuag ntawm lub hlwb vim yog cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm lub siab concentration ntawm bilirubin (indirect feem) rau lawv. Tus mob no feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov menyuam mos thiab yuav tsum tau kho tam sim ntawd, txwv tsis pub nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tsis taus thiab txawm tias tus neeg mob tuag.

Etiology ntawm tus kab mob

Ua tau ua rau bilirubin encephalopathy hauv cov menyuam yug tshiab yog raws li hauv qab no:

  • kab mob hemolytic (Rhesus lossis pab pawg tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm niam thiab menyuam);
  • maternal diabetes;
  • kev raug mob ntawm tus menyuam thaum yug menyuam nrog tsim cov hematomas dav;
  • toxoplasmosis (tus kab mob hauv plab);
  • jaundice hauv cov me nyuam ntxov ntxov.
ua rau bilirubin encephalopathy - jaundice ntawm prematurity
ua rau bilirubin encephalopathy - jaundice ntawm prematurity

Raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem teev tsegindirect bilirubin (uas yog, tsis ua tiav los ntawm hepatocytes) raug tso tawm rau hauv cov ntshav hauv qhov ntau, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam neurotoxic ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg hlwb.

Pathological nta

Lub paj hlwb muaj xim daj daj daj. Ib ntu ntawm kev npaj qhia pom cov yam ntxwv daj xim ntawm lub paj hlwb (cerebellum, hippocampus, thalamus, pob tw, thiab lwm yam). Txawm li cas los xij, thaj chaw tsis pleev xim kuj raug hloov pauv pathological.

kab mob pathological
kab mob pathological

Hauv thaj chaw cuam tshuam, vim kev tuag ntawm cov neurons, gliosis tsim thiab atrophy ntawm cov hlab ntsha tshwm sim. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov duab pathomorphological zoo ib yam li cov kab mob hypoxic, uas txhais tau hais tias nws tuaj yeem xav tias muaj kev pheej hmoo siab uas tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam bilirubin, ua rau cov cell membranes puas tsuaj, ua rau kev siv cov pa oxygen tsis zoo hauv lub hlwb. Thiab kev puas tsuaj hypoxic ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv qhov rhiab heev ntawm cov neurons rau cov tshuaj lom bilirubin.

Ntawd yog, cov kab mob jaundice (bilirubin encephalopathy) tsis yog tsuas yog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov xim ntawm lub paj hlwb raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm bilirubin. Nws tseem yog tag nrho cov txheej txheem pathological tshwj xeeb tshwm sim ntawm qib cell.

Bilirubin encephalopathy hauv cov neeg laus

Qhov ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lub hlwb los ntawm bilirubin hauv cov neeg laus pw hauv cov kab mob siab heev decompensated (cirrhosis, kab mob siab).

Tus kab mob hauv cov neeg laus pib maj mam thiab nrog kev nce hauv cov tsos mob ntawm lub paj hlwb. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, kev puas siab puas ntsws tuaj txogthiab kev tawm dag zog lub cev, tshwm sim los ntawm kev pw tsaug zog, kev paub hloov pauv, kev ua haujlwm qis, thiab lwm yam.

Kev kho mob tshwm sim

Feem ntau, thawj cov cim qhia ntawm pathology tshwm sim hauv cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 2-5th, thiab hauv cov menyuam mos ntxov ntxov - hnub 7th. Tab sis qhov muaj hyperbilirubinemia tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob thoob plaws lub sijhawm menyuam mos (txog 28 hnub).

kev kho mob tshwm sim
kev kho mob tshwm sim

Cov tsos mob thaum ntxov ntawm cov kab mob encephalopathy tsis yog qhov tshwj xeeb thiab tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov mob hypoglycemia, sepsis, intracranial hemorrhage, hypoxia thiab lwm yam mob hnyav ntawm tus menyuam mos.

Raws li txoj cai, thawj cov cim qhia ntawm kev puas hlwb hauv lub hlwb yog qhov txo qis hauv qhov nqus tau, tsaug zog, thiab ploj ntawm Moro reflex. Raws li tus kab mob no zuj zus lawm, tendon reflexes ploj mus, ua tsis taus pa cuam tshuam, opisthotonus tshwm sim, lub fontanelle loj yog nruj, lub ntsej muag cov leeg thiab cov leeg nqaij ntawm ceg ceg twitch convulsively, tus me nyuam qw piercingly.

Tom qab ntawd, convulsions tshwm sim, nrog rau lub ntsej muag txuas ntxiv ntawm caj npab thiab tig tes, clenched rau hauv nrig, sab hauv.

Txoj haujlwm ntxiv ntawm cov txheej txheem feem ntau ua rau tuag, txwv tsis pub tus menyuam tus mob zoo dua thiab kev loj hlob zoo li qub. Txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm lub xyoo, cov leeg nqaij rigidity, opisthotonus thiab hyperkinesis rov tshwm sim. Los ntawm lub xyoo thib ob ntawm lub neej, convulsions thiab opisthotonus ploj, txawm li cas los xij, kev ua tsis ncaj ncees lawm, ua ke nrog hypotension los yog cov leeg nqaij rigidity, nyob twj ywm thiab ruaj khov.

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog peb xyoos, bilirubin encephalopathy hauv cov menyuam yaus tau txais tus cwj pwm tsis tu ncua thiab meej, uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev hnov lus tsis zoo nrog lub suab nrov, choreoathetosis, convulsions, dysarthria, strabismus, oligophrenia, extrapyramidal disorder. Qee zaum muaj ataxia, hypotension thiab pyramidal mob.

Nrog me ntsis bilirubin encephalopathy, qhov tshwm sim tuaj yeem tshwm sim raws li qhov tsis hnov lus, mob me me lossis me me lub cev muaj zog sib koom ua ke, ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab ua ke nrog kev tsis txaus siab (tseem ceeb ntawm lub hlwb tsis ua haujlwm). Cov tsos mob no tuaj yeem ua ke lossis nthuav tawm nyias. Txawm li cas los xij, encephalopathy tej zaum yuav tsis raug kuaj kom txog thaum nkag mus kawm ntawv.

Pathology muaj plaub theem ntawm kev txhim kho:

  1. Cov tsos mob ntawm bilirubin encephalopathy tsis yog qhov tshwj xeeb: tsis muaj zog, ntuav, tsis muaj suab nrov quaj. Cov leeg nqaij thiab qab los noj mov raug txo.
  2. Cov tsos mob ntawm tus mob encephalopathy tshwm sim, tus me nyuam ko taw tau khoov, tsis tuaj yeem khoov lawv, lub puab tsaig raug coj mus rau hauv siab, tus menyuam quaj tsis zoo. Qee zaum, hyperthermia thiab ntu ntawm apnea tuaj yeem ua tau.
  3. Tus neeg mob tus mob (feem ntau 10-12 hnub ntawm tus menyuam lub neej) yog qhov zoo dua, tab sis qhov tshwm sim no tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev rov zoo, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, cov txheej txheem tau nce zuj zus. Cov leeg nqaij tawv rov qab, tsis muaj cramps.
  4. Tshuaj nyob rau 2 lub hlis ntawm tus menyuam lub neej. Cov tsos mob yog nce. Muaj cov cim qhia zoo ib yam li cov neeg mob cerebral palsy. Tus me nyuam tseem ceeb tom qabpsychoemotional thiab lub cev kev loj hlob.

ntsuas ntsuas

Hyperbilirubinemia tuaj yeem suav tias yog lub cev nqaij daim tawv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev cais tawm ntawm txhua yam kab mob ntawm nws qhov tshwm sim. Ua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov tseeb tias hyperbilirubinemia feem ntau yog vim hemolytic lossis physiological ua rau, tus neeg mob qhov kev kuaj mob yuav tsum suav nrog cov kev ntsuam xyuas hauv qab no:

ntshav kuaj (ntev) nrog rau kev suav cov lej ntawm cov reticulocytes thiab microscopy ntawm cov ntshav smear;

Kev kuaj mob ntawm bilirubin encephalopathy
Kev kuaj mob ntawm bilirubin encephalopathy
  • Coombs test (indirect and direct);
  • txiav txim siab pab pawg thiab Rh-kev koom tes ntawm cov ntshav ntawm niam thiab menyuam;
  • txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm qhov tsis ncaj thiab ncaj qha bilirubin;

nce hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm bilirubin hauv cov ntshav qaum, pom cov tsos mob ntawm tus mob daj ntseg hauv thawj hnub ntawm lub neej, yog tias qib ntawm cov feem tsis sib xyaw yog ntau dua 34 μmol / l, qhia tias muaj cov kab mob jaundice..

Qee zaum, MRI, ultrasound thiab CT tej zaum yuav raug tshuaj rau bilirubin encephalopathy.

Kev Kho Mob

Cov me nyuam lub kernicterus (tsis hais nws theem) yog kho los ntawm kws kho mob neurologist. Raws li txoj cai, cov menyuam no tau pw hauv tsev kho mob.

Kev kho mob ntawm tus neeg laus kuj tau ua hauv tsev kho mob raws li tus kws kho mob saib xyuas tas li.

Kev kho tus kab mob yog txhawm rau tshem tawm cov ua rau hyperbilirubinemia thiab rov ua kom cov concentration ntawm bilirubin hauv cov ntshav. Nws yog siv los ua kev kho mobphototherapy.

nqa tawm phototherapy
nqa tawm phototherapy

Raws li cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, cov tshuaj lom neeg tsis ncaj qha bilirubin hloov mus rau hauv isomer tshwj xeeb uas yooj yim tawm los ntawm ob lub raum thiab daim siab thiab tsis khi rau cov ntshav albumins. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas cov concentration ntawm bilirubin tsis txo qis nyob rau hauv lub cuam tshuam ntawm kev kho mob phototherapy, ib tug plasma transfusion yog muab.

Yog tias txoj kev dhau los ua tsis tau zoo, lossis cov tsos mob tau nce sai, tus neeg mob tau muab cov ntshav ncaj qha.

siv tshuaj

Yog tias vim qee yam tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv ncaj qha, cov tshuaj raug muab tshuaj uas cuam tshuam rau kev sib txuas thiab hloov pauv ntawm bilirubin ("Protoporphyrin").

Vim qhov tseeb tias kernicterus yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj lom ntawm bilirubin ntawm cov neurons, neuroprotectors ib txwm siv hauv nws txoj kev kho.

Kev kho mob pathology
Kev kho mob pathology

Kev kho mob anticonvulsant tau muab thaum qhia.

Thaum muaj tus kab mob hemolytic nrog qhov kev kuaj pom zoo ncaj qha rau Coombs, kev txhaj tshuaj immunoglobulin infusions tau zoo.

Ntau zaus ntawm qhov tshwm sim, qhov tshwm sim thiab kev kwv yees

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv kho mob hauv lub cev, kernicterus tshwm sim hauv cov menyuam yug tshiab thaum muaj hnub nyoog gestational thaum tsis muaj kev kho mob txaus rau cov kab mob hemolytic thiab bilirubin ntau dua 25-30 mg.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob hauv cov menyuam mos ntxov ntxov nrog hyperbilirubinemia txawv ntawm 2 txog 16%. Cov nuj nqis ntau dua tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab vim muaj ntau yam tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob.

Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov tsos mob ntawm lub paj hlwb tau hais tawm yog ib qho kev pom zoo tsis zoo. Yog li, kev tuag hauv qhov no nce mus txog 75%, thiab 80% ntawm cov neeg mob tseem muaj sia nyob muaj ob sab choreoathetosis, nrog rau cov leeg tsis muaj zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov teeb meem xws li lag ntseg, kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab spastic tetraplegia muaj ntau heev.

Cov menyuam yaus uas muaj keeb kwm ntawm hyperbilirubinemia yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas qhov lag ntseg.

Txawm hais tias kev kuaj mob tau zoo, kernicterus tseem tshwm sim. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws qhov tshwm sim tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm hyperbilirubinemia yam tsis muaj laj thawj. Yog li, cov kws tshaj lij pom zoo yuav tsum tau saib xyuas bilirubin nyob rau 1-2 hnub ntawm lub neej rau txhua tus menyuam yug tshiab txhawm rau txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov neeg mob uas muaj qhov tshwm sim ntau ntawm kev loj hlob hyperbilirubinemia thiab, vim li ntawd, encephalopathy.

ntsuas kev tiv thaiv

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev kawm txog qhov concentration ntawm bilirubin nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm jaundice nyob rau hauv thawj hnub ntawm lub neej, thiab nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm hyperbilirubinemia - kom tshem tawm cov kev loj hlob ntawm hemolytic kab mob.

kev tiv thaiv
kev tiv thaiv

Nws yuav tsum tau saib xyuas tus menyuam tsis pub dhau 3 hnub tom qab tso tawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov menyuam ntxov ntxov (txog 38 lub lis piam) cov menyuam mos uas tawm hauv tsev kho mob me nyuam ua ntej 2 hnub ntawm lub neej.

Qhov zaus ntawm kev soj ntsuam yog txiav txim siab los ntawm lub hnub nyoog uas tus menyuam raug tso tawm thiab muaj cov xwm txheej txaus ntshai. Qee cov menyuam yaus raug pom thaum nruab hnub. Kev pheej hmoo tuaj yeem kwv yees los ntawm kev ntsuas qibnce bilirubin txhua teev.

Pom zoo: