Congenital defect - yog dab tsi? Koj yuav kawm tau cov lus teb rau lo lus nug uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm kab lus nthuav tawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb yuav qhia koj txog hom kev tsis xws li muaj nyob, yog vim li cas lawv tsim, thiab lwm yam.
Cov ntaub ntawv dav dav txog kev yug me nyuam
Ib qho tsis xws luag yog qhov kev loj hlob txawv txav, nrog rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm cov qauv (tus qauv) ntawm tib neeg lub cev uas tshwm sim hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev loj hlob hauv plab (feem ntau tom qab yug me nyuam).
Raws li txoj cai, cov kev hloov pauv no yog tsim los ntawm ntau yam sab hauv thiab sab nraud (piv txwv li, hormonal ntshawv siab, heredity, inferiority ntawm kab mob hlwb, kab mob kis, ionizing hluav taws xob, tsis muaj oxygen, thiab lwm yam). Txij li thaum lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, cov kws txawj tau pib pom ib tug tseem ceeb nce nyob rau hauv pathological hloov. Feem ntau qhov ua rau tsis zoo tshwm sim hauv cov neeg nyob hauv cov teb chaws tsim kho.
Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim
Hauv 40-60% ntawm tib neeg, qhov ua rau ntawm cov kev sib txawv no tsis paub. Ib lo lus yog siv rau cov neeg mob zoo li no, uas zoo li "kev yug me nyuam tsis zoo." Qhov kev qhia no txhais tau hais tias randomtshwm sim los yog tsis paub qhov laj thawj, thiab txo kev pheej hmoo ntawm rov tshwm sim nyob rau yav tom ntej.
Rau 20-25% ntawm cov tib neeg, congenital malformations yog tsim los ntawm "multifactorial" ua rau, uas yog, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm caj ces tsis xws luag (feem ntau me me) lossis ib puag ncig kev pheej hmoo. 10-13% ntawm anomalies tsuas yog cuam tshuam nrog ib puag ncig cuam tshuam. Thiab tsuas yog 12-25% ntawm qhov tsis xws luag tsuas yog ua rau caj ces ntawm kev loj hlob.
Yog li, cia peb saib seb yog vim li cas qee tus neeg muaj qhov tsis zoo hauv lub cev.
Teratogens
Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov xwm txheej zoo li no nyob ntawm lawv qhov ntau npaum li cas. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov teebmeem teratogenic hauv cov kab mob sib txawv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov metabolism, kev nqus, lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom nkag mus rau hauv cov placenta thiab kis thoob plaws hauv lub cev.
Qhov nrov tshaj plaws thiab kawm txog teratogenic yam
Qhov kev ua tsis zoo yog feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv cov uas raug rau cov hauv qab no:
- Kab mob kis los ntawm niam mus rau fetus. Ntau tus kab mob kis tau raug kev txom nyem thaum cev xeeb tub, xws li mumps, rubella, lossis suav nrog cytomegaly, tuaj yeem pab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm qhov tsis xws luag.
- Cawv. Qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb yog kev haus dej cawv ntawm cov niam txiv, lossis ntau dua, niam. Kev haus dej haus cawv thaum cev xeeb tub tuaj yeem ua rau mob fetal alcohol syndrome.
- Ionizing hluav taws xob. Tshaj tawm cov xov tooj cuaisotopes, nrog rau x-rays tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov cuab yeej caj ces. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias hluav taws xob (ionizing) kuj muaj cov tshuaj lom. Qhov tseeb no yog ua rau feem ntau congenital anomalies.
- Tshuaj. Txog niaj hnub no, tsis muaj cov tshuaj uas yuav pom tau tias muaj kev nyab xeeb rau tus menyuam hauv plab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau thawj 2 lub hlis twg ntawm cev xeeb tub.
- Nicotine. Kev haus luam yeeb los ntawm leej niam-rau-ua (thaum cev xeeb tub) tuaj yeem ua rau tus menyuam yaus poob qis hauv kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev.
- Nutrient deficiency. Kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo (piv txwv li, iodine, myo-inositol, folate, thiab lwm yam) yog qhov ua pov thawj muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob hauv lub plawv thiab cov hlab ntsha neural defects.
Cia peb xav txog tej yam tsis xws luag xws li kab mob plawv hauv lub plawv kom ntxaws ntxiv.
Heart defects
Kab mob plawv yog ib qho kev hloov pauv hauv cov li qub, cov hlab ntsha loj hauv lub cev, nrog rau cov phab ntsa ntawm lub plawv, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev txav ntawm cov ntshav. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov kev sib txawv no tuaj yeem tau txais thiab yug los.
Feem ntau, kab mob valvular tshwm sim vim muaj kev tawm tsam ntau dhau ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm tib neeg lub cev nrog cov kab mob tsis zoo uas tau nkag mus rau hauv nws. Kev kho mob rau qhov sib txawv no yog los hloov lub ntuj tab sis puas li qub nrog cov khoom tsim los ntawm kev phais.
Thaumvice develops
Qhov no pathological tshwm sim (txhua yam) feem ntau tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm embryonic morphogenesis (uas yog, ntawm 3-10 lub lis piam). Qhov tseeb no yog vim qhov tseeb tias nws yog nyob rau lub sijhawm no uas cov txheej txheem ntawm kev yug me nyuam, kev sib txawv, kev tsiv teb tsaws thiab kev tuag ntawm tes raug cuam tshuam. Cov xwm txheej zoo li no tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam, intracellular, interorgan, extracellular, hauv nruab nrog cev thiab cov ntaub so ntswg.
hom uas twb muaj lawm
Congenital malformation yog qhov dav tshaj plaws, suav nrog cov xwm txheej xws li lub cev me me (xws li moles loj, yug me nyuam, thiab lwm yam) rau cov kab mob loj (xws li kab mob hauv lub plawv, malformations ntawm extremities, thiab lwm yam). Kuj tseem muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke uas cuam tshuam rau ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub cev tib lub sijhawm. Metabolic defects kuj suav hais tias yog kev yug me nyuam.
Hauv kev kho mob, muaj peb yam tseem ceeb ntawm kev yug me nyuam:
- yug me nyuam yuam kev ntawm metabolism;
- congenital lub cev anomalies;
- lwm yam kab mob caj ces.
Ntau zaus ntawm qhov tshwm sim
Kev tshawb fawb ntev ntawm qhov tsis sib xws hauv lub cev tau pom tias ib lossis lwm qhov kev ua tsis zoo ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab tshwm sim nws tus kheej nrog qee zaus, nyob ntawm qhov sib deev ntawm tus menyuam. Piv txwv li, clubfoot thiab pyloric stenosis feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov tub hluas, thaum congenital dislocation ntawm lub duav yog feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntxhais.
Ntawm cov me nyuam uas yug tau ib lub raum, muaj ntau tus neeg sawv cev ntawm kev sib deev muaj zog. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias feem ntau xws li anomaliesNtau tus tav, cov hniav, vertebrae thiab lwm yam kabmob muaj nyob hauv cov menyuam mos liab.
Lus npe tsis zoo
Hnub no muaj ntau yam tsis zoo. Feem ntau lawv raug kuaj pom thaum kuaj ultrasound ntawm leej niam. Yog tias qhov anomaly loj txaus, ces tus poj niam raug muab tshem tawm ntawm cev xeeb tub. Qhov no yog vim, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, rau qhov tseeb hais tias ib tug me nyuam yug los yuav nyob rau hauv txaus ntshai tag nrho nws lub neej thiab xav tias inferior (nyob ntawm seb hom anomalies).
Cia peb tshawb nrhiav ua ke tias muaj dab tsi tshwm sim:
- aortic defect;
- jejunal atresia;
- ntsws agenesis;
- acrania;
- ob lub raum agenesis;
- anencephaly;
- congenital dislocation ntawm lub duav;
- unilateral renal agenesis;
- esophageal atresia;
- congenital cesspool;
- albinism;
- VACTERL koom haum;
- ntsws aplasia;
- hma lub qhov ncauj;
- anus atresia;
- clubfoot;
- Nkauj kab mob;
- congenital cretinism;
- congenital megacolon;
- mob plawv tsis xws luag;
- Yhydrocephalus;
- hernias;
- ntsws hypoplasia;
- Yesophageal diverticula;
- syndactyly;
- YX-chromosome polysomy;
- Meckel's diverticulum;
- Patau syndrome;
- hare lip;
- polytelia;
- Klinefelter syndrome;
- cryptorchism;
- qhov tsis xws luag ntawm qhov chaw mos;
- clubfoot;
- Klippel-Feil syndrome;
- megacolon;
- cat cry syndrome;
- Ymicrocephaly;
- YShereshevsky-Turner syndrome;
- underdevelopment of femur and tibia;
- fetal alcohol syndrome;
- omphalocele;
- spinal hernia;
- fibrodysplasia;
- Ypyloric stenosis;
- polydactyly;
- Edwards syndrome;
- cyclopia;
- craniocerebral hernia;
- zais zis exstrophy;
- epispadias;
- ecrodactyly.
Summarize
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, muaj ob peb lub cev tsis zoo uas tshwm sim hauv fetus hauv lub sijhawm ua ntej ntawm kev loj hlob. Txhawm rau zam qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tsis zoo no hauv lawv tus menyuam, cov niam txiv yav tom ntej yuav tsum zam kom tsis txhob raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau lawv txoj kev kawm. Yog li ntawd, cov niam txiv thiab cov niam txiv uas xav tias yuav tsum tsis txhob haus dej cawv 6-9 lub hlis ua ntej xeeb tub, thiab tsis txhob siv thaum cev xeeb tub (rau cov poj niam). Tsis tas li ntawd, koj yuav tsum txiav luam yeeb, zam qhov chaw uas yuav muaj hluav taws xob ionizing, tsis txhob noj cov tshuaj uas tsis yog kws kho mob sau, sab nraum zoov ntau zaus thiab noj tag nrho cov vitamins thiab minerals tsim nyog.
