Opiates yog cov tshuaj alkaloids ntawm opium. Lawv tuaj yeem yog ob qho tib si ntuj thiab hluavtaws, tab sis koj yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tias cov tshuaj no tsuas yog siv rau cov laj thawj tsis zoo. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm opiates, morphine, belongs rau pab pawg neeg ntawm cov tshuaj thiab pab daws qhov mob uas tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus. Feem ntau, txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tsis siv rau lawv lub hom phiaj, uas yog vim li cas lawv tau txais lub koob npe tsis zoo.
Qhov no yog dab tsi?
Opiates yog derivatives ntawm opium, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog tau los ntawm lub taub hau ntawm cov tshuaj tsaug zog poppy. Qhov no yog tsob ntoo txhua xyoo loj hlob nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Tebchaws Europe, nrog cov paj zoo nkauj thiab lub thawv txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Rau kev tsim cov tshuaj yeeb, cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm lub taub hau yog siv, uas tau sau txog 14-20 hnub ua ntej ripening. Hardening nyob rau hauv lub hnub, cov kua txiv acquires xim av. Cov tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg kwv yees li 20 alkaloids, cov nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog cov hauv qab no:
- morphine;
- noscapine;
- codeine;
- papaverine;
- thebaine;
- oripavin.
Qee opiates (morphine, codeine, papaverine) yog siv los tsim cov tshuaj uas muaj mob thiab sedative teebmeem. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj no kuj tseem siv rau kev tsim cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw uas ua rau qaug cawv, thiab tom qab ntawd kev quav tshuaj.
Opioids thiab opiates
Lub tswv yim ntawm "opioid" yog dav dua, pawg no suav nrog cov tshuaj uas muaj peev xwm nkag mus ncaj qha rau hauv lub cev los ntawm opioid receptors. Lawv muaj cov nyhuv analgesic thiab hypnotic, pab kom calm down. Ntawm cov tshuaj no yog opiates, cov qauv uas zoo ib yam li morphine.
History
Tus txiv neej tau kawm siv tshuaj yeeb los ntev, thiab rau ntau lub hom phiaj. Qhov tseeb tias cov tshuaj no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev txo qhov mob ua rau cov kws kho mob ntawm ntau pua xyoo dhau los pom lawv cov tsos nrog kev zoo siab thiab tsis pom qhov kev tiv thaiv sai rau lawv. Tab sis dhau sij hawm, qhov tseeb tshwm sim. Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tau ua pov thawj tias thawj zaug opium tau pib siv los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Ancient Sumer, Assyria thiab Egypt ntau dua 6 txhiab xyoo dhau los. Tom qab ntawd, cov tshuaj yog siv los ua tshuaj nyob rau hauv ancient Greece thiab ancient Rome.
Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj (hauv tebchaws Muslim), opiates kuj tau siv rau kev lom zem: cov kev cai nruj ntawm Kaulees txwv tsis pub haus cawv, thiab haus luam yeeb ua rau cov neeg Arab tau so. Maj mam, cov neeg ua lag luam nthuav tawm cov tshuaj thoob plaws ntiaj teb, pauv tshuaj yej rau Indian tshuaj yej. Yog li ntawd, txawm nyob rau ntawm 19ib puas xyoo, nws tsis nyuaj kom tau cov khoom no.
Maj mam, tib neeg pom tau tias cov tshuaj yeeb thiab nws cov derivatives muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub cev, thiab cov tshuaj no raug cai. Tam sim no nws muaj peev xwm yuav morphine nyob rau hauv Russia tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tej lub tsev muag tshuaj, muaj ib tug tshuaj los ntawm kws kho mob, uas qhia meej txog cov ampoules rau muag. Tom qab siv, cov ampoules raug xa mus rau tus kws kho mob tawm tsam kos npe, yog li lawv yuav tsum tau kho nrog kev saib xyuas.
Ntau yam
Opiates tsis yog tsuas yog cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau zej zog uas pab daws teeb meem kev kho mob, tshwj xeeb, txo cov neeg mob qog noj ntshav, tab sis kuj siv tshuaj. Ntawm lawv, peb pawg tseem ceeb sawv tawm:
- ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb;
- semi-synthetic;
- synthetic.
Natural derivatives ntawm opium muaj xws li morphine, narcotine thiab lwm yam, dag opiates yog heroin, desomorphine thiab dihydrocodeine. Cov lus piav qhia luv luv ntawm cov tshuaj no tau nthuav tawm hauv lub rooj.
| Npe | Kev piav qhia |
| Natural opiates | |
| Nyob zoo Morphine | Nov yog lub ntsiab muag tshuaj alkaloid siv rau kev kho mob thiab yog hom tshuaj. |
| Codeine | Siv tshuaj hnoos hnoos, koob tshuaj ntau yog euphoric. |
| Teb | Muajsiab toxicity, yog li tsis siv nyob rau hauv pharmaceuticals |
| Semi-synthetic opiates | |
| Heroin | Kuj hu ua diamorphine. Yav tas los siv rau lub hom phiaj kho mob, tam sim no dav siv los ua tshuaj lom neeg heev. |
| Desomorphine | Tseem hu ua "crocodile", qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws uas txaus ntshai tshaj plaws, siv los rhuav tshem lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab cuam tshuam rau lub hlwb. |
| YDihydrocodeine | Analgesic siv los kho hnoos thiab mob, tab sis kuj siv los kho lwm yam kev quav tshuaj yeeb. |
|
Synthetic opiates |
|
| Promedol | Nws zoo ib yam li morphine, nws yog hmoov dawb. |
| Methadone | Nws yog ib qho tshuaj muaj zog, thaum nws tau pom siv los hloov lwm yam tshuaj opiates hauv kev kho mob. |
| YTramadol | Nws muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev ua: siv rau qhov mob nyem thiab nyem qhov mob. |
| Fentalin | Siv ua tshuaj los txo qhov mob ntawm cov neeg mob qog noj ntshav thiab tom qab phais. |
Opiates yog cov tshuaj zoo kawg nkaus uas tuaj yeem siv tau rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tib neeg, tso cai rau koj los daws ntau yamteeb meem, thiab rhuav tshem tus cwj pwm, ua rau muaj zog dependence thiab ua tiav degradation. Artificial opiates muaj kev phom sij ntau dua, lawv cov kev siv tsis tu ncua ua rau cov txheej txheem hloov tsis tau hauv lub cev thiab cuam tshuam rau qhov tsos.
Kev siv tshuaj kho mob
Thaum siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, thawj zaug muaj lub siab zoo mus txog qhov zoo siab, tom qab ntawd los muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Tom qab ntawd, tus neeg pib coj tus cwj pwm animated. Ntawm cov cim physiological, constriction ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv, ib tug txo nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias, pallor ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab ua tsis taus pa teeb meem tshwm sim. Kuj tseem muaj cem quav, mob plab, ua kom lub cev tsis muaj zog.
Kev tiv thaiv lub cev tshwm sim tom qab ob hnub ntawm kev siv, kev mob hlwb tshwm sim tom qab li 90 hnub. Opiates hauv Tebchaws Meskas feem ntau siv los ntawm cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 12 txog 17 xyoo, hauv tebchaws Russia cov kev txheeb cais tsis tshua muaj kev poob siab, cov neeg muaj hnub nyoog 18 txog 30 tau quav tshuaj.
Yuav ua li cas opiates
Cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem siv tau ntau txoj hauv kev:
- Inside.
- Kev nqus ntawm qhov ntswg (qhov no yog pes tsawg tus neeg mob tshiab dhau los ua tshuaj, tsis ntseeg tias txoj kev siv no tsis muaj teeb meem tsawg).
- Kev txhaj tshuaj (cov tshuaj txhaj tshuaj yog qhov ntau tshaj, tab sis tus heroin kuj tseem siv intramuscularly thiab subcutaneously).
- Kev haus luam yeeb (siv tshuaj yeeb).
Ntau tus neeg nto moo ntawm lawv txoj kev pos rau koob meej sivopiates. Ib tug neeg tswj kom tshem tau ntawm kev quav tshuaj, rau lwm tus nws ua rau tuag taus. Yog li, tus tsim ntawm "Alice Los Ntawm Kev Saib-iav" Lewis Carroll, khiav tawm ntawm migraines uas tsim txom nws, crushed ib qho cawv tincture ntawm opium. Nws yog nws leej twg, raws li tus kws sau ntawv, tau pab nws tshem tawm ntawm kev hais lus, uas tau tiv thaiv Carroll los ntawm kev coj lub neej ib txwm muaj txij li thaum yau.
Thiab tus kws sau paj huam Victorian, Elizabeth Browning, tau siv tshuaj yeeb thaum muaj hnub nyoog 15 xyoos, cov tshuaj tau pab nws daws qhov mob hnyav ntawm tus txha nraub qaum uas tsim txom tus ntxhais. Nws nyob tau 55 xyoo.
Tus kws sau paj huam nto moo Vladimir Vysotsky xav tshem tawm kev quav cawv nrog kev pab ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj morphine. Tab sis thaum kawg, nws tau tsim kev puas tsuaj loj dua, uas dhau los ua ib qho laj thawj rau nws txoj kev tuag ntxov.
Opiates: Cov cim qhia siv
Txhua tus opiates yog tshuaj txaus ntshai, qee yam cim qhia hauv lub rooj yuav pab kom paub txog nws kev siv.
| Yam yeeb tshuaj | Signs |
| Heroin | Kev txo qis hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws, xeev siab tas li nrog ntuav, ua tsis taus pa. |
| Nyob zoo Morphine | Txo qhov kub los yog qhov hloov pauv tsis tu ncua ntawm txias txias thiab cua sov, cov menyuam kawm ntawv me, apathy thiab tsaug zog, kua paug, raws plab lossis cem quav ntawm qhov chaw txhaj tshuaj. |
| Codeine | Kev tsis saib xyuas me ntsis thiab lub xeev ntawm kev zoo siab, so. Kev siv lub sij hawm ntevua rau lethargy, ua rau raws plab, mob taub hau thiab convulsions. |
| Opium | Nyob salivation, qhov ntswg qhov ntswg tas li, txo qis kev puas siab puas ntsws, nquag yawning, poob phaus. Tus neeg quav yeeb quav tshuaj lub ntsej muag sai sai thiab raug mob ntawm tus hniav. |
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov tsos mob ntawm opiates yog lub tswb ceeb toom, koj yuav tsum nrhiav kev pab sai li sai tau, vim tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm lawv cov kev siv yog qhov hnyav heev - kev xav tua tus kheej, teeb meem nrog cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev (siab, plawv., lub ntsws). Tus neeg quav yeeb quav tshuaj tsis muaj peev xwm xav li qub, feem ntau kis kab mob siab lossis AIDS.
