Microbes - yog dab tsi? Classification ntawm microorganisms

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Microbes - yog dab tsi? Classification ntawm microorganisms
Microbes - yog dab tsi? Classification ntawm microorganisms

Video: Microbes - yog dab tsi? Classification ntawm microorganisms

Video: Microbes - yog dab tsi? Classification ntawm microorganisms
Video: Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Nruab Nrog Cev Npaj Txhij :15 2024, Lub Xya hli ntuj
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Microbes yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws nyob, feem ntau cov kab mob hauv ib leeg uas tsuas pom tau los ntawm lub tshuab ntsuas qhov tseeb heev. Lawv qhov loj me me uas ntsuas hauv micrometers (1 µm=1/1000 mm) lossis txawm nanometers (1 nm=1/1000 µm).

Kev kawm microbiology dab tsi

Microbiology yog ib txoj kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog lub neej ntawm cov kab mob: cov qauv, kev ua haujlwm, kev nyob, kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob.

microbes yog
microbes yog

Thawj tus neeg uas tswj xyuas thiab piav qhia txog kab mob microbes yog Dutchman A. Leeuwenhoek. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, nws tau ua cov lo ntsiab muag uas nthuav cov duab ntau dua 200 zaug. Nws xav tsis thoob los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nws pom los ntawm lawv tias microbes yog tag nrho lub ntiaj teb nrog nws tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev muaj sia nyob. Yog li tau muab lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshiab - microbiology. Leeuwenhoek tau piav qhia thiab piav qhia txog cov kab mob uas pom tau. Cov duab thiab cov duab nrog lawv cov duab ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd - yees duab magnifications los ntawm lub tshuab tsom.

Nyob ntawm microbes

Ntau ntau yam kab mob muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Microbes yog lub npe luv rau ntau pua hom microbes. Lawv txawv ntawm ib leegtsos, qauv, kev nyob, muaj peev xwm tsim dua tshiab. Muaj cov tsis-cellular, multicellular thiab unicellular microbes. Cov duab nrog lawv cov kev pom pom tau yooj yim muab piv rau txhua tus neeg rau ib hom tsiaj. Kev faib tawm microbial:

  • kab mob;
  • viruses;
  • phag;
  • nceb;
  • microalgae;
  • simple;
  • Yees Yeast.

Bacteria

Ib ntu ntawm microbiology - bacteriology - qhib lub ntiaj teb loj ntawm cov kab mob - cov kab mob prokaryotic. Lawv txawv ntawm eukaryotes (multicellular, protozoan, algae, fungi) nyob rau hauv tsis muaj chlorophyll, ib tug zoo-tsim nucleus nrog genetic khoom thiab organelles. Qhov loj ntawm cov kab mob tsis tas mus li, nws tuaj yeem sib txawv nyob ntawm qhov chaw sab nraud (los ntawm 0.1 txog 28 microns). Kev faib tawm nrov tshaj plaws ntawm cov kab mob yog los ntawm cov qauv morphological.

Cocky

Cocci yog hu ua spherical microbes uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub ntsej muag kheej kheej, taum-puab, elliptical lossis lanceolate duab.

microbes rau cov me nyuam
microbes rau cov me nyuam
  1. Micrococci tuaj yeem pom nyob ib leeg, ua khub lossis random. Lawv hu ua saprophytes thiab nyob hauv dej thiab cua.
  2. Diplococci rov tsim dua los ntawm kev faib ob hauv ib lub dav hlau. Cov no muaj xws li meningococci (cov kab mob meningitis) thiab gonococci.
  3. Streptococci zoo sib xws hauv ib lub dav hlau, tab sis nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov saw hlau. Cov kab mob uas muaj kab mob rau tib neeg lub cev tau paub tias kis tau tonsillitis thiab ntau yam erysipelas.
  4. Tetracocci nyob hauv ob daim ntawm ob lub dav hlau, sib koom ua keperpendicular. Cov neeg muaj kab mob tsawg heev.
  5. Sardines yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlwb ntawm 8, 16 lossis ntau dua ntawm peb lub dav hlau sib txuas. Yuav luag txhua tus neeg sawv cev nyob hauv huab cua.
  6. Staphylococci tuaj yeem faib ib txhij hauv ntau lub dav hlau, nyob ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv, zoo li lawv zoo li cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo.

Band-shaped

Cylindrical microorganisms muaj ntau dua li lwm hom. Lawv tau muab faib ua cov kab mob uas tsis muaj peev xwm tsim cov kab mob (diphtheria, dysentery, tuberculosis, partiphoid, E. coli), thiab bacilli muaj peev xwm tsim cov spores (anthrax, quav nyab, tetanus, anaerobic). Kev faib tawm los ntawm txoj kev faib:

  • Diplobacteria, diplobacilli txawv ntawm qhov chaw tsuas yog hauv ib lub dav hlau, ob lub hlwb txhua tus (pneumonia).
  • Streptobacteria, streptobacilli nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev faib nyob rau hauv ib lub dav hlau, uas lawv tsim ib tug tag nrho saw (anthrax).
  • Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cylindrical microbes yog random teem nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg.

Collection

Twisted microbes tuaj yeem siv daim ntawv comma, cov no yog vibrios (piv txwv li, tus kab mob cholera). Spirilli muaj ob peb lub whorls, spirochetes yog nyias coiled sticks (syphilis).

microbes yees duab
microbes yees duab

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias tag nrho cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob yog polymorphic, lawv muaj peev xwm hloov lawv cov duab raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam: ib puag ncig, kub, acidity, thiab lwm yam. Lub peev xwm underlies ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kab mob microbes txhawm rau tsim cov tshuaj uas yuav pab tiv thaiv kab mob ntxiv rau tib neeg.

Viruses

Tus kab mob yog cov zej zog loj ntawm cov kab mob microbes, txawv ntawm lwm tus thaum tsis muaj cov qauv ntawm tes xws li. Ntawm qhov ntau thiab tsawg yog incomparably me dua qhov loj ntawm cov kab mob: los ntawm 5 mus rau 150 nm. Txhawm rau pom lawv, koj yuav tsum tau kho lub tshuab ntsuas hluav taws xob mus rau qib siab ntawm qhov tseeb. Feem ntau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov kab mob kis tau tsuas yog cov protein thiab nucleic acid (RNA, DNA).

microbes thiab kab mob
microbes thiab kab mob

Qee cov kab mob thiab kab mob tuaj yeem ua tus kab mob ua rau tib neeg muaj ntau yam kab mob loj (flu, kab mob siab, mob qhua pias). Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, muaj ntau hom kab mob rau cov tsiaj txhu (plague, ko taw thiab qhov ncauj kab mob).

Mycophages yog cov kab mob fungal. Bacteriophages yog cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob, lawv nyob yuav luag txhua qhov chaw uas muaj tsawg kawg yog qee lub neej. Qee cov phages muaj peev xwm muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los rhuav tshem cov kab mob microbial, yog li lawv feem ntau siv los tsim cov tshuaj rau kev tiv thaiv thiab kho ntau yam kab mob.

Rickettsia yog ib hom kab mob tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem faib ua cov kab mob thiab kab mob. Lawv yog immobilized, qws-zoo li tus kab mob intracellular parasites, tsis tuaj yeem tsim spores lossis capsules.

Mushrooms

Cov no yog cov kab mob tshwj xeeb ntawm cov hauv paus chiv keeb, tsis muaj chlorophyll thiab muaj peev xwm los tsim cov organic tshuaj. Ntxiv mus, lawv lub neej yuav tsum tau npaj txhij-ua organic tshuaj, yog li ntawdyuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm lawv loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm substrates ntawm txawv keeb kwm. Muaj qee hom kab mob fungi rau tib neeg, tsiaj txhu thiab nroj tsuag.

Fungi txawv ntawm cov kab mob uas lawv cov hlwb zoo li cov nroj tsuag ntau dua, muaj cov nuclei thiab vacuoles. Lawv tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hyphae - ntev threads uas tau ceg thiab intertwine.

nceb tuaj yeem tsim tau ntau txoj hauv kev: vegetative faib, asexual thiab kev sib deev - tsim cov spores. Fungal spores yog cov yam ntxwv los ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab, lawv tuaj yeem nyob tau ntev hauv qhov chaw sib txawv thiab txav mus ntev kom txog rau thaum lawv nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom nruab nrab, qhov chaw lawv hloov mus rau hauv hyphae.

Mould fungi muaj ntau heev, lawv tuaj yeem pom tau yooj yim ntawm qhov muag liab qab ntawm cov khoom noj uas lwj. Lawv zoo li curdled txheej ntawm cov xim tsis sib xws. Muaj qee hom fungi uas tsis yog tsuas yog lwj zaub mov xwb, lawv tsim mitoxin lom rau tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu, xws li aspergillus lossis fusarium.

microbes nyob rau hauv lub cev
microbes nyob rau hauv lub cev

Txawm li cas los xij, nceb tsis yog ib txwm muaj teeb meem, lawv cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tau siv los ntawm cov tuam txhab tshuaj. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab nrov tshuaj tua kab mob penicillin yog tsim los ntawm cov nceb los ntawm hom penicillium.

Actinomycetes yog ib hom kab mob tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj cov qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev loj hlob zoo ib yam li fungi.

Yeast

Cov no yog immobilized unicellular microbes10 mus rau 15 microns loj, uas tuaj yeem ua puag ncig, oval, hauv qhov tsis tshua muaj cylindrical thiab mob-zoo li tus. Cov poov xab zoo ib yam li cov fungi, muaj cov vacuole thiab nucleus. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev yug me nyuam yog fission, budding, los yog nrog kev pab los ntawm spores. Lawv sai sai tsim nyob rau hauv cov av, ntawm cov zaub mov, nroj tsuag. Cov poov xab nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom noj ua rau lawv fermentation thiab souring. Alcoholic fermentation converts qab zib rau hauv cawv, txheej txheem uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev lag luam cawv thiab tsev winemaking.

hom microbes
hom microbes

Muaj ntau hom kab mob rau tib neeg lub cev. Piv txwv li, ntau hom kab mob ntawm cov poov xab candida pab txhawb kev kis tus kab mob tsis zoo - candidiasis.

Nyob zoo microbes hauv tib neeg lub cev

Lub cev tib neeg nyob hauv ntau lab lab ntawm cov kab mob sib txawv, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij thiab muaj txiaj ntsig. Kuj tseem muaj cov kab mob uas tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm peb lub cev. Tag nrho qhov hnyav ntawm cov kab mob hauv cov neeg laus tuaj yeem ncav cuag 4 kg, thiab ¾ ntawm lawv nyob hauv peb cov hnyuv. Tus so xav zoo nyob rau hauv lub genitourinary system, nyob rau saum npoo ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab mucous daim nyias nyias. Interestingly, tus me nyuam lub cev yog colonized los ntawm microorganisms twb nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm nws yug los, thiab los ntawm lub hnub nyoog ntawm 10 xyoo, lub plab hnyuv microflora twb tag nrho tsim. Qee cov kab mob no txaus ntshai heev rau cov menyuam yaus, yog li thawj xyoo ntawm tus menyuam lub cev kev tu cev yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib.

Dab tsi microbes nyob hauv plab:

  • Ylactobacilli;
  • bifidobacteria;
  • streptococci;
  • Yenterobacteria;
  • nceb;
  • simple;
  • viruses.

txiaj ntsig ntawm kab mob rau tib neeg

  1. Nrog kev pab ntawm enterobacteria, lub cev nqus cov vitamins B, C, K, nicotinic thiab folic acid.
  2. Pab zom cov zaub mov tsis zoo.
  3. Txhawb nqa ion thiab dej- ntsev pauv.
  4. Txhim kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic.
  5. Pab txhawb nqa kev tiv thaiv.
  6. Txhim kho cov lymphoid apparatus.
  7. Txo qhov rhiab ntawm cov phab ntsa hauv plab rau cov khoom carcinogenic.
  8. Txhim tus kab mob tiv thaiv.
  9. Nyob rau hauv kev sib npaug kub.

Bifido- thiab lactobacilli nyob ntau dua li ib nrab ntawm cov hnyuv microflora, lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ntawm tus neeg noj qab haus huv:

  1. Cov lactic acid thiab acetate uas tsim los ntawm cov kab mob no tuaj yeem tsim ib puag ncig hauv plab uas kab mob microbes tsis tuaj yeem nyob hauv.
  2. Bifidobacteria - ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntuj tsim tawm tsam kev ua xua hauv lub cev.
  3. Lawv muaj cov nyhuv antioxidant thiab tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog hlwb.
  4. Bifidobacteria koom tes hauv kev tsim cov vitamins B.
  5. Bifido- thiab lactobacilli pab txhawb qhov nce hauv feem pua ntawm tib neeg kev nqus hlau, calcium thiab vitamin D.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm microbes rau xwm

Cov kab mob uas muaj ammonifying enzymes nquag pab rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev lwj ntawm cov seem ntawm tib neeg, tsiaj txhu, nroj tsuag thiabzaub mov pov tseg. Thaum lub sij hawm cov protein decomposition, cov roj tseem ceeb heev raug tso tawm rau hauv qhov chaw: ammonia thiab nitrogen, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau tib neeg, tsiaj txhu, thiab nroj tsuag.

Urobacteria muaj peev xwm decomposing cov urea tsim txhua hnub los ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj. Thiab qhov no, los ntawm txoj kev, yog tsawg kawg yog 55 lab tons txhua xyoo.

Microbes muaj peev xwm ntawm nitrofication oxidize ammonia. Denitrifying microorganisms pab txhawb kev tso tawm molecular oxygen los ntawm cov av.

Carbon yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Fiber, uas yog noj los ntawm ntau tus tsiaj, muaj cov pa roj carbon ntau. Nyob rau hauv lawv lub plab, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov kab mob cellulose, nws yog fermented thiab tso tawm nrog manure rov qab mus rau qhov xwm. Yog li, lub ntiaj teb tau txais humus, ua ntau fertile, thiab cov huab cua yog saturated nrog carbon dioxide.

Yog li, cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob microbes yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb nyob. Ntau cov kab mob muaj txiaj ntsig tas li nrog ib tus neeg thoob plaws hauv lub neej thiab tiv thaiv peb lub cev los ntawm kev cuam tshuam sab nraud. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam qhov muag muag thiab tsis yooj yim sib npaug ntawm cov txiaj ntsig thiab cov kab mob pathogenic.

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