Poob cov hniav yog ib qho teeb meem loj, uas tsis yog tsuas yog kev zoo nkauj xwb, tab sis kuj ua rau cov khoom noj loj nkag mus rau hauv cov hnyuv, uas yog fraught nrog cov kab mob ntawm lub plab. Hauv qhov no, qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws yuav yog lub installation ntawm implants. Thiab txawm hais tias cov txheej txheem no kim heev, ntawm no peb yuav tsum tsis txhob tham txog tus nqi ntawm kev txhim kho cov tsos, tab sis hais txog kev yuav khoom noj qab haus huv. Tom qab tag nrho, kev noj cov zaub mov tsis zoo rau hauv lub cev yog txoj hauv kev ncaj qha rau nws qhov kev puas tsuaj. Tshawb nrhiav seb leej twg yog cov chaw tsim khoom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev cog hniav thiab yuav nrhiav dab tsi thiaj li xaiv cov qauv zoo.
Ib qho cog yog ib lub pas hlau uas muab cog rau hauv lub puab tsaig los hloov cov cag ntawm cov hniav. Nws yog lub hauv paus rau lub tom ntej installation ntawm ib tug ruaj prosthesis. Cov txheej txheem yog ua phais. Implantation yog ua nyob rau hauv lub puab tsaig pob txha los yog nyob rau hauv ib tug pre-tsim extension ntawm nws.
pros and cons
Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm cov khoom zom zom zom duaCov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke yog lub neej ua haujlwm ntev, tsis tas yuav sib tsoo cov hniav nyob sib ze thiab luag ntxhi zoo meej. Lub zog ntawm tus tsim tso cai rau koj mus tom los ntawm cov zaub mov nyuaj. Cov khoom tsis lwj lub diction ntawm ib tug neeg thiab tsis hloov lub saj saj. Ntawm cov shortcomings, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias cov hniav hauv paus hloov yuav tsis noj paus. Ntawm no, undoubtedly, tsis tau tsuas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug neeg ua si lub luag hauj lwm, tab sis kuj cov chaw tsim tshuaj paus ntawm cov hniav cog. Muaj ntau lub tuam txhab tsim cov khoom zoo li no. Txhawm rau xaiv qhov kev xaiv zoo rau koj tus kheej, koj yuav tsum mloog cov kev xav ntawm cov kws tshaj lij. Feem ntau cov kws kho mob tau hais tias cov kev xaiv kim dua yog ib txwm zoo dua, thiab qee lub tsev kho mob ntiag tug tsis txawm ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom nruab nrab kom txuag tau lawv lub koob npe nrov.
Dental implants yog dab tsi
Cov chaw tsim khoom muaj ntau yam khoom lag luam uas tuaj yeem faib raws li hauv qab no:
- Los ntawm kev tsim: collapsible thiab tsis-collapsible. Thawj qhov kev xaiv yog kim dua thiab muaj cov tub ntxhais nws tus kheej, abutment thiab cov pos hniav qub. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yooj yim rau nruab thiab tso cai rau koj txuas ntau hom prostheses.
- Hauv cov duab: hauv paus-puab, lamellar thiab ua ke. Cov hauv paus hniav yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug threaded cone thiab ntsia rau hauv paus kwj dej ntawm tus hniav. Lamellar tsis ua txhaum kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov pob txha thiab txuas rau hauv qab ntuj. Cov sib xyaw ua ke muaj sab hauv zoo li thawj tus, thiab sab nrauv zoo li lub phaj qauv.
- Los ntawm kev teeb tsa: intraosseous, subperiosteal, basal thiabtshuaj endodontic. Cov qauv intraosseous feem ntau muab tso rau. Qhov zoo dua yog tias tom qab implantation, implants tsis tuaj yeem puas. Nws ruaj khov, txhim khu kev qha thiab nyob mus ib txhis. Subperiosteal muaj ib daim phaj complex, yog siv rau cov pob txha tsis muaj zog los yog muab cov hniav tshem tawm. Cov basal hu ua li ntawd vim lawv tau cog rau hauv qhov tob basal txheej ntawm cov pob txha, uas tsis puas. Ib tug feature ntawm no installation yog ib tug luv luv engraftment lub sij hawm, yog li nws tau txais lub thib ob lub npe "express implantation". Endodontic structures pab ntxiv dag zog rau cov uas twb muaj lawm, tab sis twb tuag cov hniav. Hauv qhov no, implantation tshwm sim ncaj qha los ntawm nws cov ntaub so ntswg.
Indications thiab contraindications
Cov tuam txhab cog hniav cog hniav, ua ke nrog cov kws kho mob, pom zoo tias cov neeg mob tau txais kev cog hniav zoo li no thaum:
- Ib tug hniav ploj.
- Ob tug los yog ntau tshaj cov hniav tshem tawm.
- Tsis tuaj yeem rov qab tau ib qho ntawm lwm yam.
- Muaj adentia tiav.
- Muaj teeb meem nrog kev hnav cov hniav uas tshem tau.
- Tsis muaj kev sib cuag ntawm cov hniav sab sauv thiab sab hauv ib feem ntawm lub qhov ncauj, thiab qhov mob tshwm sim thaum sim kaw.
- Muaj qhov txo qis hauv cov txheej txheem alveolar nyob rau tib lub sijhawm nrog cov hniav poob.
Ua ntej kawm qhov ntsuas ntawm kev cog hniav los ntawm cov tuam ntxhab thiab xaiv qhov kev xaiv zoo rau koj tus kheej, koj yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas. Tsis muaj contraindications, thaum tsis muaj tus kws kho mob saib xyuas tus kheejcoj mus rau lub installation yog:
- Kab mob hauv nruab nrab paj hlwb.
- Kev mob hnyav ntawm cov hlab plawv.
- Malignant neoplasms.
- Txoj ntshav khov.
- Hypertonicity ntawm masticatory leeg.
- Tuberculosis in open form.
- Pathology ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas.
- mob raum thiab mob siab.
- Hnub nyoog qis dua 22 xyoos vim tias cov pob txha tseem tsis tau tiav.
- Kev tsis haum tshuaj loog txhua yam.
- Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg.
- Kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj.
- Bruxism.
- Kab mob ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Txawm tias qhov kev cog hniav zoo tshaj plaws yuav tsum tsis txhob muab tso kom txog thaum cov xwm txheej hauv qab no tau raug daws thiab cov kab mob tau daws:
- txheej txheem mob hauv cov pos hniav.
- Kev cev xeeb tub.
- Caries thiab Tartar.
- Txhob Cia Siab.
- Siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kev nyuaj siab.
- STDs.
- Muaj tseeb.
qeb ntawm kev cog hniav los ntawm cov tuam ntxhab
Nyob rau xyoo 2018, cov npe ntawm cov qauv tsim zoo tshaj plaws tau teeb tsa hauv cov pob txha pob txha lossis hauv nws qhov txuas ntxiv tau hloov kho. Cov chaw hauv qeb tau faib raws li hauv qab no:
- thawj peb qhov chaw yog coj los ntawm Straumann, Nobel thiab Astra Tech. Lawv tau txais 10 cov ntsiab lus ntawm 10 rau qhov tsis xws li qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv dag zog thiab lub sijhawm kho. Raws li kev them taus, lawv txhua tus tau txais 4 cov ntsiab lus ntawm 10. Txawm li cas los xij, feem pua ntawm kev tsis lees paub yog txawv rau lawv. Yog vim li cas Straumann coj thawjqhov chaw (99.9% ntawm cov cog cog hauv paus), Nobel - qhov chaw thib ob (99.6%), Astra Tech - qhov chaw thib peb (99.3%).
- AnyRidge tau txais qhov thib plaub, me ntsis tom qab cov thawj coj hauv plaub qhov chaw nrog 0.8% tsis lees paub.
- Osstem yog nyob rau hauv thib tsib nrog qhov muaj sia nyob ntawm 99.2%, kev them taus ntawm 10 cov ntsiab lus thiab tus qhab nia ntawm xya hauv lwm qhov ntsuas.
- thib rau qhov chaw tau muab rau cov chaw tsim khoom Zimmer rau 99.2%, cov kws tshaj lij tau txiav txim siab cuaj lub ntsiab lus rau tus nqi thiab 8 rau lwm yam zoo.
- Nyob rau xya qhov chaw Anthogyr rau qhov tsis lees paub ntawm 2%.
- thib yim tau mus rau MIS nrog kev ciaj sia ntawm 97%.
- Ntawm cuaj qhov chaw yog Alpha Bio. Ntawm no, cov kws tshaj lij muab 10 cov ntsiab lus rau tus nqi kev ywj pheej, 6 ntsiab lus rau cov khoom siv dag zog, 7 cov ntsiab lus rau lub sijhawm engraftment, thiab qhov tsis lees paub ntawm 0.4%.
- Xive yog qeb thib kaum nrog tus qhab nia ntawm 9 rau kev kho hniav zoo, 8 rau lub sijhawm kho thiab 6 tus nqi.
Straumann
Nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm kev cog hniav los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom hauv xyoo 2018, lub tuam txhab Swiss no yog tus thawj coj meej. Nws cov khoom muaj nyob rau hauv cov neeg tseem ceeb systems. Implants, nrog rau cov nqi siab, muaj ntau qhov zoo rau cov neeg mob txaus siab them. Ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom ntawm hom no yog:
- ultrahydrophilic nto;
- siab tshaj qhov ciaj sia;
- muaj peev xwm siv tau ntau yam teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv;
- tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm pob txha atrophy feem ntau;
- khoom tuaj yeem ua kom zoo qib 4 titanium yam tsis muajimpurities ntawm vanadium thiab txhuas, nws alloy nrog zirconium dioxide, nrog rau cov tsis-hlau ceramics;
- haum rau txuas rau txhua qhov ntawm lub puab tsaig.
Qhov qeb duas ntawm cov tuam txhab cog hniav cog tsis suav nrog lwm lub tuam txhab uas muaj tib tus lej ntawm cov qauv muag. Straumann txoj kev muag khoom suav txog 20% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom muag thoob ntiaj teb. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov cog cog ntawm lub tuam txhab no yog ob hom nto: SLA thiab SLActive. Nrog kev pab los ntawm tom kawg, nws yog qhov tseeb kom ua tiav qhov siab txaus ntawm osseointegration, uas tsis muaj tseeb kom tau txais kev siv lwm yam qauv. Qhov saum npoo ntawm hom no tso cai rau koj kom nrawm qhov txuas ntawm fibrin strands ntawm cov pob txha cov ntaub so ntswg thiab lub cev txawv teb chaws, uas txo cov txheej txheem ntawm kev cog qoob loo thiab ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nqa tawm prosthetics nyob rau lub sijhawm luv tshaj plaws yam tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm over-implantitis.
Nobel
Nws kuj yog ib lub chaw tsim khoom Swiss zoo ntawm kev cog hniav. Lub tuam txhab nyob rau hauv Zurich, tab sis nws cov chaw tsim khoom nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas thiab ntau lub teb chaws. Ntawm cov kws kho mob cog qoob loo, cov khoom lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ntau qhov zoo, suav nrog:
- Cov khoom tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas los ntawm nws tus lej.
- Txoj kev ciaj sia yog qhov siab heev.
- hom nto ntawm cov khoom yog patented, thiab txheej tshwj xeeb txhawb kev txhim kho txhim khu kev qha thiab ua kom cov pob txha fouling ceev tshaj plaws.
- Implants tso cai rau koj tshem tawm qhov tsis xws luag, piv txwv li, tsis muaj kev kho hniav tag nrho.
- Txoj hlua tsis sib xwspab cov khoom nkag mus rau pob txha yooj yim dua thiab txo nws txoj kev raug mob.
- Nws tuaj yeem txhim kho cov pob qij txha ib zaug, tsis tas yuav ncab nws ntau zaus.
- Kev tsim cov khoom tso cai rau theem kawg ntawm kev kho dua tshiab nrog txhua yam khoom siv.
- Cov duab zoo ntawm kev cog ntoo hauv daim duab peb sab ua rau nws yooj yim thiab yooj yim rau kev txuas lub abutment rau nws.
Qhov zoo ntawm ob lub tuam txhab zoo tshaj plaws uas tau teev tseg saum toj no tso cai rau tus neeg mob tsis txhob delve rau hauv cov txheej txheem thiab tsis xav txog qhov twg cov hniav cog yog qhov zoo dua los muab. Yog tias, thaum hu rau lub tsev kho mob, koj tau muab cov khoom lag luam los ntawm Straumann lossis Nobel, pom zoo tam sim ntawd. Feem ntau, implantologists xaiv ib tus neeg sawv cev hauv txhua qeb nqi, thiab ob qho tib si ntawm cov kev xaiv no yog rau cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv chav kawm.
Astra Tech
Qee lub sijhawm cov chaw kho mob loj muab lwm cov qauv ntawm qhov zoo ib yam thiab kev ntseeg siab, uas yog qhov chaw thib peb uas muaj txiaj ntsig hauv qeb ntawm cov kev cog hniav zoo tshaj plaws. Lub tuam txhab Swedish tau tsim nws tus kheej zoo hauv kev lag luam khoom siv kho hniav. Ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom, cov chaw tsim khoom them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau cov hauv qab no:
- Qhov kev sib txuas tshwj xeeb ntawm cov cog cog rau Connective Contour abutment ua rau cov ntaub so ntswg sib cuag hauv ob qho kev qhia.
- Txhua daim yog tsim nrog OsseoSpeed, pob txha-inducing nto. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tso cai rau koj tso cov cog cog nrog cov pob txha atrophy uas twb muaj lawm.
- Qhov chaw ntawm micro-xov ntawm lub caj dab ntawm cov khoom, hom uas muab kev pom zoo rau ntawm txheej cortical.
- Lub khob zoo li tus qauv hloov pauv lub ntsiab thauj khoom sib sib zog nqus rau hauv cov pob txha, ua kom yooj yim cov yas tso rau hauv, thiab tiv thaiv sab hauv ntawm cov khoom cog los ntawm cov ntaub mos muag kom tsis txhob muaj kev txav mus los.
- Cov khoom yog ua los ntawm kev hloov kho titanium. Txhua tus qauv yuav tsum tau ua kom tsis muaj menyuam ua ntej ntim thiab muab tso rau hauv ib lub ampoule tshwj xeeb kom nws huv si thiab kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj saum npoo.
- Tom qab tso qhov cog, qhov load ntawm tus hniav tuaj yeem muab tam sim ntawd.
- Nws raug tso cai siv cov khoom lag luam rau kev txuas txuas ntxiv ntawm kev ruaj khov, tshem tau thiab ua ke ua ke.
AnyRidge
Yuav kom nkag siab txog qhov kev cog hniav twg zoo dua, nws tsis tas yuav tsum kawm cov tshuaj xyuas uas tau tshaj tawm hauv Web. Nws yog txaus los saib tus nqi ntawm cov qauv, cov chaw tsim khoom ntsuas thiab tso siab rau tus kws tshaj lij. Korean hom AnyRidge muaj 55 qhov ntau thiab tsawg cov khoom kom haum rau txhua tus neeg mob. Qhov zoo ntawm qhov chaw tsim khoom cog cog yog:
- Tsis xav tau lub puab tsaig drilling lossis cov pos hniav incision.
- Tshuaj rau cov pos hniav.
- Kev tsim kho yog ua raws li cov ntshiab titanium.
- Kev muaj ib qib zuj zus ntawm cov xov rau nws ruaj khov txawm nyob hauv cov pob txha tsis muaj zog.
- Tsuas yog ib qho xyaum siv tau rau kev teeb tsa.
- Lub neej lav los ntawm lub tuam txhab thiab tus nqi ciaj sia zoo.
- Lub peev xwm los ua kev tshem tawm, cog thiab teeb tsa ib ntuscrowns.
- ob zaug hauv paus saum npoo thiab cog thaj tsam ntawm cov neeg sib tw feem ntau.
- Muaj cov qauv rau cov pawg ntawm cov neeg mob uas yav tas los tsis tso cai kom tau txais kev cog qoob loo.
- Lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom kom nthuav cov pob txha, txo lub sijhawm engraftment thiab lub sij hawm ntawm cov pob txha ntxiv.
- Load kam rau siab tam sim tom qab kev teeb tsa.
- Kev ruaj ntseg lub khob zoo li kev sib txuas ntawm cog thiab abutment.
- Txoj kev du ntawm cov khoom, uas tsis tso cai rau cov quav hniav.
Osstem
Cov chaw tsim khoom hauv Kaus Lim tau cog lus tias muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab ua haujlwm ntev ntawm cov khoom, yog li nws muaj peev xwm los nruab qhov kev cog ntoo ntawm cov hniav zom. Yam khoom twg yog qhov zoo dua los xaiv nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm cov txheeb ze contraindications koj muaj, ntawm chav kawm, tus kws kho mob yuav qhia rau koj. Txawm li cas los xij, Osstem implants tau txais ntau cov lus pom zoo los ntawm cov kws kho mob kom yooj yim ntawm kev teeb tsa thiab kev ruaj ntseg, thiab los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom kho hniav rau tus nqi pheej yig thiab zoo.
Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm hom no tuaj yeem hu ua:
- Nqis ntawm cov khoom kho hniav zoo tshaj plaws hauv khw.
- Muaj peev xwm tiv taus cov khoom hnyav, suav nrog zom, ua tsaug rau titanium.
- Cov txheej txheem muab qhov feem pua ntawm kev ciaj sia nyob rau lub sijhawm luv tshaj plaws.
- Ntau yam, suav nrog ntau hom, duab, ntau thiab tsawg.
- Cov yas tuaj yeem txuas tau 6-7 lub lis piam tom qab cog.
- Tight fixation ntawm abutment thiab puag tiv thaiv kev tawg lossis poob ntawm qhov cog.
- Tshwj xeeb tsim nrog inclination, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus txoj kab uas hla thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pas nrig nthuav dav ntau yam kev siv.
Zimmer
qeb duas ntawm kev cog hniav los ntawm cov tuam txhab tsim khoom tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav yam tsis muaj hom no. Lub npe American tau txais kev qhuas thiab kev hwm ntawm cov kws kho mob rau kev siv cov thev naus laus zis tshiab, ua tsaug rau cov khoom lag luam thiab cov pob txha pob txha tau kos rau ib leeg. Qhov kev tsim no hu ua "trabecular implants". Yog tias tus neeg mob lub pob txha ntom ntom qis, ces Zimmer yog qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws. Ntxiv nrog rau cov qauv trabecular, cov chaw tsim khoom muab:
- Tshaj qhov chaw tiv tauj.
- Siv hauv kev tsim cov khoom tshwj xeeb - tantalum, uas muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg.
- Lub hexagon nyob rau hauv nruj kev twb kev txuas ntawm cov cog nrog lub abutment tsis tso cai rau nkag mus rau microbes.
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov chaw tsim khoom tsim cov khoom cog tsis yog los ntawm tantalum xwb. Cov analogues pheej yig dua yog cov khoom tsim los ntawm titanium thiab zirconium. Tau kawg, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom zoo li no me ntsis qis dua li cov qauv tantalum tshwj xeeb, tab sis lawv kuj tsim nyog saib.
Anthogyr
Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov kev cog hniav zoo tshaj plaws suav nrog Fabkis cov qauv tsim. Lawv yog ua los ntawm high-zog titanium siv ob-theem calcium phosphate txheej. Ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntxiv, cov kws tshaj lij ceeb toom:
- Muaj peev xwm nruab txawm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw kho mob hnyav tshaj plaws.
- Lub sijhawm cog tsawg kawg nkaus.
- Cov ntawv luvkev pheej hmoo ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg raug mob piv rau cov phooj ywg.
- Yooj yim rau nruab.
- Muaj peev xwm siv tau yog tias cov pob txha atrophy.
- Ob lub zirconia thiab titanium abutments tuaj yeem txuas rau tus qauv.
- Lub sijhawm luv ntawm osseointegration.
Cov khoom lag luam kuj tseem muaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb snap-hauv uas txuas tus pas nrig thiab lub abutment yam tsis muaj qhov khoob thiab tiv thaiv cov ntaub so ntswg los ntawm kev loj hlob sab hauv.
MIS
Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev cog hniav los ntawm cov tuam txhab sib txawv suav nrog Israeli-ua MIS systems, qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg mob hu rau tus nqi pheej yig nrog rau cov khoom zoo. Tseem muaj ntau qhov tsis zoo, ntawm qhov tseem ceeb yog:
- ib txwm SLA-nto ntawm cov khoom, uas, tsis zoo li cov khoom zoo sib xws, tsis muaj qhov zoo ntxiv;
- muaj cov impurities hauv titanium uas cuam tshuam osseointegration.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom kuj tseem txaus, xws li cov xuab zeb blasting txhua tus qauv, ua raws li cov kua qaub etching, uas ua kom qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov khoom cog nrog cov pob txha, thiab xaus nrog cov xov txawv txawv thiab cov qauv tshwj xeeb. shape.
Alpha Bio
Lub tuam txhab Israeli tseem suav nrog kev ntsuas kev kho hniav los ntawm cov tuam txhab thiab tuav yuav luag 50% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom lag luam hauv nws lub tebchaws. Ib zaug ntxiv, qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb, zoo li ob daim ntawv theej dhau los, cov kws tshaj lij hu ua tus nqi zoo rau cov nyiaj. Qhov pom tseeb tshaj plawsqhov zoo dua feem ntau tau sau tseg hauv kev tshuaj xyuas yog kev siv cov ntshiab titanium los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom, uas lub cev tsis xav tias yog lub cev txawv teb chaws, uas ua kom muaj feem pua ntawm cov khoom muaj sia nyob. Implantologists kuj xav txog qhov tshwj xeeb ntxhib nto nrog cov pores me me los ua qhov zoo ntawm cov qauv, vim tias tib neeg lub hlwb nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom, uas ua kom txhim khu kev txhim kho.
Xive
Cov chaw tsim khoom no kaw cov npe ntawm cov khoom cog zoo tshaj plaws. Kev cog hniav kho hniav siv cov qauv German yog nyob rau theem siab, txawm tias cov kab kawg hauv qhov qeb duas ntawm cov khoom zoo sib xws. Ua ntej, tus neeg mob tau nyiam qhov zoo ntawm cov qauv. Qhov thib ob, cov khoom yog qhov txawv los ntawm cov cim zoo ntawm osseointegration. Thib peb, qhov ua tau ntawm kev kho cov khoom rau ntau yam pathologies ntawm lub puab tsaig tsim nyog saib xyuas. Qhov thib kaum tau muab tsub rau Xive cog los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov neeg siv khoom rau kev ua tau zoo, tab sis tib lub sij hawm tus nqi siab. Ntawm no qhov piv ntawm qhov zoo thiab tus nqi tsis nyob rau hauv qhov kev pom zoo ntawm lub xeem parameter.
Cov kws kho mob ceeb toom cov neeg mob tias ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv kev cog qoob loo yog kev xaiv ntawm lub tsev kho mob loj thiab tus kws kho mob muaj peev xwm. Feem ntau qhov no txaus. Tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb, tom qab kuaj xyuas tus neeg mob tus mob, yuav qhia tseeb tias qhov kev cog hniav twg yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv ib rooj plaub. Tom qab tag nrho, txhua tus kws tshaj lij hauv kev kho hniav saib xyuas nws lub koob npe nrov thiab sim txhim kho tsis yog tsuas yog cov tsos ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav, tab sis kuj los xyuas kom meej impeccable zoo nrog rau durability.
